Is copper substance. Minerals: Copper Ore

Copper

Copper (Lat. Cuprum) - Chemical element I of the periodic Mendeleev periodic system (atomic number 29, atomic weight 63,546). In compounds, copper usually shows the degrees of oxidation +1 and +2, there are also a few cones of trivalent copper. Major copper compounds: Cu 2 O, CuO, Cu 2 O 3 oxides; Cu (OH) 2 hydroxide, Cu nitrate (NO 3) 2. 3H 2 O, CUS sulfide, sulfate (copper cune) Cuso 4. 5H 2 O, CUCO 3 CU (OH) 2 carbonate, CUCL 2 chloride. 2H 2 O.

Copper - One of the seven metals known with deep antiquity. Transition period from the stone to the bronze age (4 - 3rd millennium BC) was called copper century or halkolith (from Greek Chalkos - Copper and Lithos - Stone) or eneolyt. (from Latin Aeneus - Copper and Greek Lithos - stone). During this period, copper guns appear. It is known that when the pyramid of Heops was used copper tools.

Clean copper - dowy and soft metal of reddish, in a pink breakdown, places with a drier and motley run, heavy (density of 8.93 g / cm 3), an excellent heat and electricity conductor, yielding only silver in this respect (melting point 1083 ° C). Copper is easily pulled in a wire and rolled into thin sheets, but relatively little active. In dry volokhduch and oxygen under normal conditions, copper is not oxidized. But it easily enters the reaction quite easily: already at room temperature with halogens, for example, with a wet chlorine, CUCl 2 chloride forms, when heated with a gray, forms Cu 2 S sulphide, with selenium. But with hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen, copper does not interact even at high temperatures. Acids that do not have oxidative properties do not apply for copper, for example, hydrochloric and diluted sulfuric acids. But in the presence of air oxygen, copper dissolves in these acids to form accordance with the appropriate salts: 2CU + 4HCl + O 2 \u003d 2CUCl 2 + 2H 2 O.

In an atmosphere containing CO 2, pairs H 2 O and others, covered with a patina - greenish film of the main carbonate (Cu 2 (OH) 2 CO 3)), a poisonous substance.

Copper enters more than 170 minerals, of which only 17 are important for industry, including: Bornet (Moved Copper Ruda - Cu 5 Fes 4), Halcopyrite (Copper Coledan - Cufes 2), Halcosine (Copper Glitter - Cu 2 S) , Kovellin (CUS), Malachite (Cu 2 (OH) 2 CO 3). It is also encountered native copper.

Copper density, specific copper weight and other characteristics of copper

Density -8.93 * 10 3 kg / m 3;
Specific weight -8.93 g / cm 3;
Specific heat capacity at 20 ° C -0.094 Cal / hail;
Melting temperature -1083 ° C;
Specific melting heat -42 kal / g;
Boiling temperature -2600 ° C;
Linear expansion coefficient (at a temperature of about 20 ° C) - 16.7 * 10 6 (1 / hail);
Coefficient of thermal conductivity -335kkal / m * hour * hail;
Specific resistance at 20 ° C -0.0167 Ohm * mm 2 / m;

Modules of copper elasticity and Poisson coefficient

Media compounds

Copper oxide (I) Cu 2 O 3 And behind the copper (I) Cu 2 O., as well as other compounds of copper (I) are less stable than copper (II) compounds. Copper (I) oxide, or forging copper Cu 2 O in nature is found in the form of a mineral of Cuppite. In addition, it can be obtained in the form of a sediment of red copper oxide (I) as a result of heating the solution of copper (II) salts and alkali in the presence of a strong reducing agent.

Copper Oxide (II), or copper Oxide, Cuo - Black substance occurring in nature (for example, in the form of a xenuine mineral). It is obtained by calcining of copper hydroxocarbonate (II) (CuOH) 2 CO 3 or CU nitrate (II) Cu (NO 2) 2.
Copper oxide (II) good oxidizer. Copper hydroxide (II) Cu (OH) 2 precipitated from solutions of copper (II) salts under the action of alkalishes in the form of a blue shapeless mass. Already with weak heating, even under water, it decomposes, turning into black copper oxide (II).
Copper hydroxide (II) is a very weak base. Therefore, solutions of the salts of copper (II) in most cases have a sour reaction, and with weak acids, copper forms the main salts.

Copper sulfate (II) CUSO 4 In anhydrous state, it is a white powder, which is blue in the absorption of water. Therefore, it is used to detect moisture traces in organic fluids. The aqueous solution of copper sulfate has a characteristic blue-blue color. This color is peculiar to hydrated 2+ ions, so all diluted solutions of copper salts (II) have the same color, unless they contain any painted anions. From aqueous solutions, copper sulfate crystallizes with five water molecules, forming transparent blue crystals of copper sulfate. Copper vigor is used for the electrolytic coating of metals with copper, for the preparation of mineral paints, as well as the starting material in the preparation of other copper compounds. In agriculture, a diluted solution of copper sulfate is used to spray plants and treed grain before sowing to destroy the disputes of harmful fungi.

Copper chloride (II) CUCL 2. 2H 2 O.. Forms dark green crystals, easily soluble in water. Very concentrated copper chloride solutions (II) have green, diluted - blue-blue.

Copper nitrate (II) CU (NO 3) 2. 3H 2 O.. It turns out when the copper is dissolved in nitric acid. When heated, the blue crystals of copper nitrate first lose water, and then easily decomposed with the release of oxygen and the brown nitrogen dioxide, turning into copper oxide (II).

Copper hydroxocarbonate (II) (CuOH) 2 CO 3. It is found in nature in the form of a Malachite mineral having a beautiful emerald green color. Artificially prepared by the action of Na 2 CO 3 on solutions of copper salts (II).
2Cuso 4 + 2NA 2 CO 3 + H 2 O \u003d (CuOH) 2 CO 3 ↓ + 2NA 2 SO 4 + CO 2
It is used to obtain copper chloride (II) for the preparation of blue and green mineral paints, as well as in pyrotechnics.

Copper (II) Acetate CU (CH 3 COO) 2. H 2 O.. It is obtained by treating metal copper or copper (II) oxide (II) acetic acid. It is usually a mixture of basic salts of various composition and color (green and blue-green). Under the name of the jar is used for the preparation of oil paint.

Comprehensive compounds of media The compounds of two-chain copper ions are formed with ammonia molecules.
Multi-shaped mineral paints are obtained from copper salts.
All salts of copper poisonous. Therefore, in order to avoid the formation of copper salts, the copper dishes are covered from the inside layer of tin (bulging).

Medical production

Copper is extracted from oxide and sulfide ores. 80% of all mined copper are paid from sulfide ores. As a rule, copper ores contain many empty breed. Therefore, the process of enrichment is used to obtain copper. Copper is obtained by its smelting from sulphide ores. The process consists of a number of operations: firing, smelting, conversion, firing and electrolytic refining. In the roasting process, most of the impurity sulfides turns into oxides. Thus, the main admission of the majority of copper ores Pyrite FES 2 turns into Fe 2 O 3. Gases formed by firing contain CO 2, which is used to produce sulfuric acid. The oxides of iron, zinc and other impurities obtained in the process of firing are separated in the form of a slag. Liquid copper matte (Cu 2 S with an admixture of FES) enters the converter, where air is blown through it. During the conversion, sulfur dioxide is distinguished and a rough or raw copper is obtained. To remove the valuable (AU, AG, TE, etc.) and to remove harmful impurities, rough copper is subjected to fire first, and then electrolytic refining. In the course of fire refining, liquid copper is saturated with oxygen. In this case, iron impurities, zinc and cobalt are oxidized, go into the slag and removed. And copper is poured into forms. The resulting castings serve as anodes with electrolytic refining.
The main component of the electrolytic refining sulfate is the most common and cheap copper salt. To increase the low electrical conductivity of copper sulfate in the electrolyte add sulfuric acid. And to obtain a compact copper sediment, a small amount of additives are introduced into the solution. Metal impurities contained in crude ("black") copper can be divided into two groups.

1) Fe, Zn, Ni, Co. These metals have significantly more negative electrode potentials than copper. Therefore, they are alternately dissolved together with copper, but are not precipitated on the cathode, but accumulate in electrolyte in the form of sulfates. Therefore, the electrolyte must be replaced periodically.

2) AU, AG, PB, SN. Noble metals (AU, AG) do not undergo anodic dissolution, and during the process it is settled at the anode, forming the anode sludge together with other impurities, which is periodically extracted. The tin and lead dissolve together with copper, but the electrolyte form low-soluble compounds falling into the precipitate and also removed.

Alloys of media

AlloysThe strength and other properties of copper are obtained by introducing additives to it, such as zinc, tin, silicon, lead, aluminum, manganese, nickel. There are more than 30% copper on the alloys.

Brass - copper alloys with zinc (copper from 60 to 90% and zinc from 40 to 10%) - strong copper and less susceptible to oxidation. Upon additive to brass silicon and lead, its antifriction qualities rises, with a fan of tin, aluminum, manganese and nickel, anti-corrosion resistance increases. Sheets, cast products are used in mechanical engineering, especially in chemical, in optics and instrument making, in the production of grids for cellulosen-working industries.

Bronze. Previously, bronze was called copper alloys (80-94%) and tin (20-6%). Currently, heavy bronze is produced, referred to as the main thing behind the copper component.

Aluminum bronze Contain 5-11% aluminum, have high mechanical properties in combination with anti-corrosion resistance.

Lead bronzeContaining 25-33% lead are used mainly for the manufacture of bearings operating at high pressures and high slip speeds.

Silicon bronzecontaining 4-5% silicon apply as cheap substitutes of tin bronze.

Beryllium bronzecontaining 1.8-2.3% beryllium, differ in hardness after quenching and high elasticity. They are used for the manufacture of springs and spring products.

Cadmium bronze - copper alloys with a small amount of cadmium (up to1%) - are used to make the fittings of water supply and gas lines and in mechanical engineering.

Solders - alloys of non-ferrous metals used when soldering to obtain monolithic soldering seam. Among the solid soldiers are known to the medical rigging alloy (44.5-45.5% Ag; 29-31% Cu; the rest is zinc).

Application of media

Copper, its compounds and alloys are widely used in various industries.

In electrical engineering, copper is used in pure form: in the production of cable products, tires of bare and contact wires, electric generators, telephone and telegraph equipment and radio equipment. Heat exchangers, vacuum apparatuses, pipelines are made of copper. More than 30% of copper goes on alloys.

Copper alloys with other metals are used in mechanical engineering, in the automotive and tractor industry (radiators, bearings), for the manufacture of chemical equipment.

High viscosity and plasticity of metal allow you to apply copper for the manufacture of a variety of products with a very complex pattern. The wire made of red copper in an annealed state becomes so soft and plastic that it is easily possible to blame all sorts of cords and encourage the most complex elements of the ornament. In addition, the wire from copper is easily soldered by scanning silver solder, silver and golden. These properties of copper make it an indispensable material in the production of filigree products.

The coefficient of linear and volume expansion of copper when heated is approximately the same as in hot enamels, in connection with which the enamel is cooled well on the copper product, does not crack, does not bounce. Thanks to this, the masters for the production of enamel products prefer copper to all other metals.

Like some other metals, copper is among the vital trace elements. She participates in the process photosynthesis and assimilate nitrogen plants, contributes to the synthesis of sugar, proteins, starch, vitamins. Most often, copper is introduced into the soil in the form of a breeding sulfate - CUSO 4 copper sulfate. 5H 2 O. In large quantities it is poisonous, like many other copper compounds, especially for lower organisms. In the small doses, copper is needed to all alive.

§one. Chemical properties of a simple substance (art. Ok. \u003d 0).

a) attitude to oxygen.

Unlike its neighbors in a subgroup - silver and gold, - copper reacts directly with oxygen. Copper exhibits minor activity to oxygen, but in the wet air gradually oxidizes and is covered with a film of greenish color consisting of the main carbonates of copper:

In the dry air, the oxidation is very slow, the finest layer of copper oxide is formed on the surface of the copper:

Externally, copper does not change, since copper oxide (I) as the copper itself, pink. In addition, the oxide layer is so thin that she misses the light, i.e. shines. A different copper is oxidized when heated, for example, at 600-800 0 C. In the first seconds, oxidation goes to copper oxide (I), which moves to the copper (II) oxide of black. A two-layer oxide coating is formed.

Q formation (Cu 2 O) \u003d 84935 kJ.

Figure 2. The structure of copper oxide film.

b) water interaction.

Metals of copper subgroups stand at the end of the electrochemical row of stresses, after the hydrogen ion. Consequently, these metals cannot exhibit hydrogen from the water. At the same time, hydrogen and other metals can exhibit metals of copper subgroups from solutions of their salts, for example:

This reaction is redox recovery, as an electron transition occurs:

Molecular hydrogen displaces the metals of the copper subgroup with great difficulty. It is explained by the fact that the relationship between hydrogen atoms is durable and a lot of energy is spent on its gap. The reaction is only with hydrogen atoms.

Copper in the absence of oxygen with water practically does not interact. In the presence of oxygen, copper slowly interacts with water and is covered with a green film of copper hydroxide and main carbonate:

c) acid interaction.

Being in a row of stresses after hydrogen, copper does not pushes it from the acids. Therefore, salt and diluted sulfuric acid for copper do not act.

However, in the presence of oxygen, copper dissolves in these acids to form the appropriate salts:

The exception is only hydrofluoric acid, which reacts with copper with hydrogen release and the formation of a very stable compound of copper (I):

2 Cu. + 3 HI → 2 H.[ Cui. 2 ] + H. 2

Copper also reacts with acids - oxidizing agents, for example, with nitric:

Cu + 4hno 3( end .) → Cu (no 3 ) 2 + 2NO. 2 + 2h. 2 O.

3CU + 8hno. 3( ripp .) → 3CU (NO 3 ) 2 + 2NO + 4H 2 O.

As well as with concentrated cold sulfuric acid:

Cu + H. 2 SO. 4 (conc.) → Cuo + So 2 + H. 2 O.

C hot concentrated sulfuric acid :

Cu + 2h. 2 SO. 4( end ., hot ) → Cuso. 4 + So. 2 + 2h. 2 O.

With anhydrous sulfuric acid at a temperature of 200 0 C, copper sulfate (I) is formed:

2CU + 2H. 2 SO. 4( navy .) 200 ° C. → Cu. 2 SO. 4 ↓ + So. 2 + 2h. 2 O.

d) attitude to halogens and some other non-metallam.

Q Education (CUCL) \u003d 134300 kJ

Q Education (CUCL 2) \u003d 111700 kJ

Copper reacts well with halogens, gives two types of halides: CUX and CUX 2 .. In the action of halogens at room temperature, there is no visible change, but a layer of adsorbed molecules is formed on the surface, and then the thinnest layer of halides. When heated, the reaction with copper occurs very violently. We heat the copper wire or foil and lower it in a hot jar in a chlorine bank - near the copper will appear brown pairs consisting of copper chloride (II) CUCl 2 with an admixture of copper chloride (I) CUCL. The reaction occurs spontaneously due to the highlighted heat. Monovalent copper halides are obtained by interacting with metallic copper with a solution of bivalent copper halide, for example:

In this case, monochloride falls out of a solution as a white precipitate on the surface of copper.

Copper is also fairly easy to steal in reactions with gray and selenium when heated (300-400 ° C):

2CU + S → Cu 2 S.

2CU + SE → Cu 2 SE

But with hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen copper does not respond even at high temperatures.

e) interaction with non-metal oxides

Copper when heating can be out of some non-metallic oxides (for example, sulfur oxide (IV) and nitrogen oxides (II, IV)). Simple substances, forming thermodynamically more stable copper oxide (II):

4CU + SO. 2 600-800 ° C. → 2Cuo + Cu 2 S.

4CU + 2NO. 2 500-600 ° C. → 4Cuo + N 2

2 Cu.+2 No. 500-600 ° C. →2 Cuo. + N. 2

§2. Chemical properties of monovalent copper (st .Ok. \u003d +1)

In aqueous solutions, Ion Cu + is very unstable and disproportionates:

Cu. + ↔ Cu. 0 + Cu. 2+

However, copper into the degree of oxidation (+1) can stabilize in compounds with very low solubility or due to the composition.

a) copper oxide (I.) Cu. 2 O.

Amphoteric oxide. Crystalline brown-red crystal. In nature, occurs in the form of a mineral of Cuppite. It can be octually obtained by heating the solution of copper (II) salts with alkali and some strong reducing agent, for example, formalin or glucose. Copper oxide (I) does not react with water. Copper (I) oxide is translated into a solution with concentrated hydrochloric acid to form a chloride complex:

Cu. 2 O.+4 HCL→2 H.[ Cucl.2]+ H. 2 O.

Also soluble in a concentrated solution of ammonia and ammonium salts:

Cu. 2 O + 2NH 4 + →2 +

In diluted sulfuric acid, disproportionates on bivalent copper and metal copper:

Cu. 2 O + H. 2 SO. 4 (Language.) → Cuso. 4 + Cu. 0 ↓ + H. 2 O.

Also, copper (I) oxide enters aqueous solutions in the following reactions:

1. Slowly oxidized with oxygen to copper hydroxide (II):

2 Cu. 2 O.+4 H. 2 O.+ O. 2 →4 Cu.(Oh.) 2 ↓

2. Reacts with diluted halogeneous acids to form the appropriate copper halides (I):

Cu. 2 O.+2 H.R → 2.Cu.R ↓ +.H. 2 O. (R \u003dCl., Br., J.)

3. Up to the metal copper with typical reducing agents, for example, sodium hydrosulfite in a concentrated solution:

2 Cu. 2 O.+2 NASO. 3 →4 Cu.↓+ Na. 2 SO. 4 + H. 2 SO. 4

Copper oxide (I) is restored to metallic copper in the following reactions:

1. When heated to 1800 ° C (decomposition):

2 Cu. 2 O. - 1800 ° C. →2 Cu. + O. 2

2. When heated in a tower of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, with aluminum, other typical reducing agents:

Cu. 2 O + H. 2 - \u003e 250 ° C → 2CU + H 2 O.

Cu. 2 O + Co. - 250-300 ° C. → 2CU + CO 2

3 Cu. 2 O. + 2 Al - 1000 ° C. →6 Cu. + Al 2 O. 3

Also, at high temperatures, copper oxide (I) reacts:

1. C ammonia (formed copper nitride (I))

3 Cu. 2 O. + 2 NH. 3 - 250 ° C. →2 Cu. 3 N. + 3 H. 2 O.

2. With alkali metal oxides:

Cu. 2 O + M. 2 O- 600-800 ° C. →2 M.Cuo (M \u003d Li, Na, K)

At the same time, copper (I) cuprates are formed.

Copper (I) oxide reacts noticeably with alkalis:

Cu. 2 O.+2 Naoh. (conc.) + H. 2 O.↔2 Na.[ Cu.(Oh.) 2 ]

b) copper hydroxide (I.) Cuoh.

Hydroxide of copper (I) forms a yellow substance, not dissolved in water.

Easy decomposes when heated or boiling:

2 Cuoh. → Cu. 2 O. + H. 2 O.

c) halidesCuf., Cu.FROMl., Cubr. andCuj.

All these compounds are white crystalline substances, poorly soluble in water, but are well soluble in excess NH 3, cyanide ions, thiosulfate ions and other strong complexes. The iodine forms only the compound Cu +1 j. In the gaseous state, type (CUG) 3 cycles are formed. Reversible soluble in the respective halogeneous acids:

Cu.R + HG ↔H.[ Cu.G. 2 ] (R \u003dCl., Br., J.)

Chloride and bromide of copper (I) are unstable in wet air and gradually turn into the main salts of copper (II):

4 Cu.G +2.H. 2 O. + O. 2 →4 Cu.(Oh.) G (r \u003d Cl, Br)

d) other copper compounds (I.)

1. Copper acetate (I) (CH 3 COSU) - copper compound, has the form of colorless crystals. In water, slowly hydrolyzed to Cu 2 o, in the air is oxidized to the acetate of bivalent copper; It is obtained CH 3 coaoca with reduction (CH 3 SOO) 2 Cu hydrogen or copper, sublimation (CH 3 SO) 2 Cu in vacuum or interaction (NH 3 OH) SO 4 C (CH 3 SO) 2 Cu in R-RE in the presence of 3 Sonh 3. The substance is toxic.

2. Copper acetylide (I) - red-brown, sometimes black crystals. In a dry form, the crystals are detonated when hit or heated. Resistant in wet state. During detonation, gaseous substances are not formed in the absence of oxygen. Under the action of acids decomposes. It is formed in the form of a sediment when acetylene passing into ammonia solutions of copper salts (I):

FROM 2 H. 2 +2[ Cu.(NH. 3 ) 2 ](Oh.) → Cu. 2 C. 2 ↓ +2 H. 2 O.+2 NH. 3

This reaction is used for high-quality acetylene detection.

3. Copper nitride is an inorganic compound with Cu 3 N formula, dark-green crystals.

Decomposes when heated:

2 Cu. 3 N. - 300 ° C. →6 Cu. + N. 2

Burly reacts with acids:

2 Cu. 3 N. +6 HCL - 300 ° C. →3 Cu.↓ +3 Cucl. 2 +2 NH. 3

§3. Chemical properties of bivalent copper (st .Ok. \u003d +2)

The most stable degree of oxidation in copper and the most characteristic for it.

a) copper oxide (II.) Cuo.

Cuo is the main oxide of bivalent copper. Black crystals, in normal conditions are quite stable, practically insoluble in water. In nature, occurs in the form of a mineral of a teorite (melanconite) of black color. Copper (II) oxide reacts with acids with the formation of appropriate salts of copper (II) and water:

Cuo. + 2 Hno. 3 → Cu.(No. 3 ) 2 + H. 2 O.

When fusing Cuo with alkalis, copper (II) cuprates are formed:

Cuo.+2 Koh.- t. ° → K. 2 Cuo. 2 + H. 2 O.

When heated to 1100 ° C decomposes:

4Cuo- t. ° →2 Cu. 2 O. + O. 2

b) copper hydroxide (II)Cu.(Oh.) 2

Hydroxide of copper (II) is a blue amorphous or crystalline substance, practically not soluble in water. When heated to 70-90 ° C, Cu powder (O) 2 or its aqueous suspensions decomposes to Cuo and H 2 A:

Cu.(Oh.) 2 → Cuo. + H. 2 O.

It is an amphoteric hydroxide. Reacts with acids to form water and the corresponding salt of copper:

With dilute alkali solutions, it does not react, in concentrated dissolves, forming bright blue tetrahydroksoprats (II):

Hydroxide of copper (II) with weak acids forms the main salts. It is very easily dissolved in an excess of ammonia to form an ammoniacate of copper:

Cu (OH) 2 + 4Nh. 4 Oh → (OH) 2 + 4h. 2 O.

The copper ammonia has an intense blue-purple color, therefore it is used in analytical chemistry to determine small amounts of Cu 2+ ions in solution.

c) salt of copper (II.)

Simple salts of copper (II) are known for most anions, except for cyanide and iodide, which, when interacting with Cu 2+ cation, form covalent copper (I) compounds, insoluble in water.

Copper salts (+2) are mainly soluble in water. The blue color of their solutions is associated with the formation of ion 2+. They are often crystallized in the form of hydrates. Thus, from an aqueous solution of copper (II) chloride below 15 0 C crystallizes tetrahydrate, at 15-26 0 s - trihydrate, over 26 0 C - dihydrate. In aqueous solutions of salts of copper (II), hydrolysis are small, and the main salts are often deposited from them.

1. Copper sulfate pentahydrate (II) (copper sulphate)

CUSO 4 * 5H 2 O is the greatest practical importance, called copper vigor. Dry salt has a blue color, however, with a non-heating (200 0 c), it loses crystallization water. Anhydrous white salt. With further heating to 700 0 C, it turns into copper oxide, losing sulfur trioxide:

Cuso. 4 ­-- t. ° → Cuo.+ SO. 3

Copper vigorous copper dissolution in concentrated sulfuric acid is prepared. This reaction is described in the section "Chemical properties of a simple substance". Copper cunery is used in electrolytic preparation of copper, in agriculture to combat pests and plant diseases, to obtain other copper compounds.

2. Copper chloride dihydrate (II).

These are dark green crystals easily soluble in water. The concentrated solutions of copper chloride are green, and diluted - blue. This is due to the formation of a green chloride complex:

Cu. 2+ +4 Cl. - →[ Cucl. 4 ] 2-

And its further destruction and formation of blue aquacomplex.

3. Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate.

Crystalline substance of blue. It turns out when the copper is dissolved in nitric acid. When heated, the crystals are first losing water, then decomposed with the release of oxygen and nitrogen dioxide, turning into copper oxide (II):

2CU (No. 3 ) 2 -- t ° → 2CUO + 4NO 2 + O. 2

4. Hydrosemond carbonate (II).

Copper carbonates are malply resistant and in practice almost do not apply. Some value for the preparation of copper has only the main CU 2 (OH) 2 CO 3, which is found in nature in the form of Malachite mineral. When heated, it is easily decomposed with the separation of water, carbon oxide (IV) and copper oxide (II):

Cu. 2 (OH) 2 Co. 3 -- t ° → 2Cuo + H 2 O + Co. 2

§four. Chemical properties of trivalent copper (st .Ok. \u003d +3)

This degree of oxidation is the least stable for copper, and therefore copper (III) compounds are rather exceptions than "rules". Nevertheless, some trivalent copper compounds exist.

a) Copper oxide (III) Cu 2 O. 3

This is a crystalline substance, dark pomegranate. Not dissolved in water.

It is obtained by oxidation of copper hydroxide (II) Potassium peroxodisulfate in an alkaline medium at negative temperatures:

2CU (OH) 2 + K. 2 S. 2 O. 8 + 2Koh - -20 ° C. → Cu. 2 O. 3 ↓ + 2K. 2 SO. 4 + 3h. 2 O.

This substance decomposes at a temperature of 400 0 s:

Cu. 2 O. 3 -- t. ° →2 Cuo.+ O. 2

Copper (III) oxide is a strong oxidizing agent. When interacting with chlorine hydrogen chlorine is restored to free chlorine:

Cu. 2 O. 3 +6 HCL-- t. ° →2 Cucl. 2 + Cl. 2 +3 H. 2 O.

b) Cuprats of copper (w)

These are black or blue substances, in water is not stable, diamagnetic, anion - ribbons of squares (DSP 2). They are formed in the interaction of copper (II) hydroxide and alkali metal hypochlorite in an alkaline medium:

2 Cu.(Oh.) 2 + M.Clo + 2 Naoh.→ 2mCuo. 3 + NaCl +3 H. 2 O. (M.= Na.- CS.)

c) potassium hexafluorcaprate (III)

Green agent, paramagnetic. Octahedral structure SP 3 D 2. The CUF 3 fluoride complex, which is in free state decomposes at -60 0 C. It is formed by heating the mixture of potassium chlorides and copper in the atmosphere of fluorine:

3KCL + CUCL + 3F 2 → K. 3 + 2cl 2

Separate water to form a free fluorine.

§five. Copper compounds in oxidation degree (+4)

So far, only one substance is known to science, where copper into the degree of oxidation is +4, it is hexafluorcaprate (IV) cesium - CS 2 Cu +4 F 6 - orange crystalline substance, stable in glass ampoules at 0 0 C. Burly reacts with water. It is obtained by fluoridation at high pressure and temperature of the mixture of cesium and copper chlorides:

Cucl. 2 + 2CSCL + 3F 2 -- t. ° R. → CS. 2 Cuf. 6 + 2cl 2

a) density and hardness.

Metals of copper subgroups, like alkaline metals, have one free electron per ion-atom of metal. It would seem that these metals should not be particularly different from alkaline. But they, in contrast to alkali metals, have quite high melting points. A large difference in melting temperatures between metals of these subgroups is due to the fact that there are almost no free space between the ion-atoms of metals, and they are located more closely. As a result, the number of free electrons per unit volume, electronic density, they have more. Consequently, the strength of the chemical bond is more. Therefore, the metals subgroups are melted and boiled at higher temperatures.

Metals of copper subgroups possess compared with alkaline metals, have a greater hardness. This increases by an increase in electron density and a more dense layout of atoms in a crystal lattice. It should be noted that the hardness and strength of metals depend on the correct location of the ion-atoms in the crystal lattice. In the metals with which we practically face, there are various kinds of violations of the correct location of ion-atoms, for example, emptiness in the nodes of the crystal lattice. In addition, the metal consists of small crystalline (crystallites), between which the connection is weakened. At the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, copper was obtained without a disorder in the crystal lattice. For this, very clean copper was removed at high temperature in a deep vacuum to a deep substrate. Copper was obtained in the form of small threads - "mustache". As it turned out, such copper is a hundred times more stronger than the usual.

b) the color of copper and its connections.

Clean copper has another interesting feature. The red color is due to the traces of the oxygen dissolved in it. It turned out that copper, repeatedly crushed in vacuo (in the absence of oxygen), has a yellowish color. Copper in a polished state has a strong glitter.

With increasing valence, the color of copper and its compounds darkens, for example, Cucl. - white Cu. 2 O. - Red, Cucl. + H. 2 O. - Blue, Cu.ABOUT - the black. Carbonates are characterized by blue and green, subject to water content than an interesting practical feature for searches.

c) Electric conduct.

Copper has the highest (after silver) electrical conductivity than its extensive use in electronics.

d) crystal lattice.

Copper is crystallized by the type of centralized cube (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Crystal copper grid.

e) isotopes.

Natural copper consists of two stable isotopes - 63 Cu and 65 Cu with a prevalence of 69.1 and 30.9 atomic percent, respectively. More than two dozen unstable isotopes are known, the longest of which is 67 Cu with a half-life of 62 hours.

§four. Copper alloys.

Copper alloys are the first metal alloys created by man. About the middle of the XX. According to the world production, the copper alloys occupied the 1st place among the alloys of non-ferrous metals, lifting it with aluminum alloys. With many elements, copper forms wide areas of solid solutions of substitution, in which the additives atoms occupy the places of copper atoms in a grazenarized cubic grid. Copper in a solid state dissolves up to 39% Zn, 15.8% Sn, 9.4% Al, A Ni - unlimited. In the formation of a solid solution based on copper, its strength and electrical resistance increase, the temperature coefficient of electrical resistance is reduced, the corrosion resistance can significantly increase, and the plasticity is saved at a sufficiently high level.

Currently, there are countless copper-based alloys, here I will give the three most basic and common alloys in the technique and life:

a) Latvian

Brass is a copper alloy with the addition of zinc. Zinc, the content of which in the composition can reach up to 40%, increases the strength and plasticity of the alloy. The most plastic brass, with a zinc share of about 30%. It is used to produce wire and thin sheets. The composition can also include iron, tin, lead, nickel, manganese and other components. They increase the corrosive stability and mechanical properties of the alloy. Brass is well subjected to processing: welding and rolling, perfectly polished. A wide range of properties, low cost, ease of processing and beautiful yellow color make the brass the most common copper alloy with a large application area.

b) Bronze

Bronze is an alloy of copper, usually with tin as the main alloying component, but the bronzenes also include copper alloys with aluminum, silicon, beryllium, lead and other elements, with the exception of zinc (this is brass) and nickel. As a rule, in any bronze in minor quantities there are additives: zinc, lead, phosphorus, etc.

The traditional tin bronze has learned to be paid at the beginning of the Bronze Age and a very long time it was widely used; Even with the arrival of the eyelid, iron bronze did not lose its importance (in particular, until the XIX century, the guns were made of cannon bronze)

The most widely applicable bronze is: silicon bronze, beryllium bronze, silicon bronze, chrome bronze, but, of course, the most famous and most applicable is tin bronze.

c) copper-nickel alloys

Copper-based alloys containing nickel as the main alloying element - melchior, nezilber (copper alloy with 5-35% Ni and 13-45% Zn). Nickel forms a continuous series of solid solutions with copper. With the addition of nickel to copper, its strength and electrical resistance increase, the temperature coefficient of electrical resistance is reduced, resistance to corrosion is strongly increased. Copper nickel alloys are well handled by pressure in hot and cold condition.

Metal copper has long been used by humanity in a wide variety of areas of life. The twenty-ninth element from the periodic table D. I. Mendeleev, which is between nickel and zinc, has interesting characteristics and properties. This element is denoted by the CU symbol. This is one of the few metals with a characteristic color, different from silver and gray flowers.

History of the appearance of media

What a great value had this chemical element in the history of mankind and planets, one can guess the names of historical eras. After the stone century, copper came, and behind him - the bronze, also has a direct relation to this element.

Copper is one of the seven metals, which became known to humanity in antiquity. If you believe historical data, the acquaintance of ancient people with this metal occurred about nine thousand years ago.

The oldest products from this material were found on the territory of modern Turkey. Archaeological excavations conducted on the site of a large settlement of the Times of Neolithic called Chatheuk, allowed to find small copper beads-beads, as well as copper plates with which ancient people decorated their outfit.

The found things were dated to the junction of the eighth and seventh millennium BC. In addition to the products themselves, a slag was discovered on the site of the excavation, which indicates the smelting of metal from ore.

Obtaining copper from ore was relatively available. Therefore, despite its high melting point, this metal, among the first, was quickly and widely mastered by humanity.

Methods of production

In natural conditions, this chemical element exists in two forms:

• compounds;
• nuggets.

The following is a curious fact: the copper nuggets in nature come across much more often than gold, silver and iron.

Natural copper connections are:

• oxides;
• carbon dioxide and sulfur complexes;
• bicarbonates;
• sulfide ores.

Ores having the greatest distributionare copper shine and copper cchedan. Copper in these ores is contained only one or two percent. Primary copper is mined in two main ways:

• hydrometallurgical;
• pyrometallurgical.

The share of the first method is ten percent. The remaining ninety belong to the second method.

The pyrometallic method includes a complex of processes. First, the copper ores are enriched and burned. Then the raw material melts on the matte, after which it is blown in the converter. Thus, it turns out a rough copper. The conversion of it into pure is carried out by refining - first fire, then electrolytic. This is the last stage. Upon completion, the purity of the metal obtained is almost one hundred percent.

The process of obtaining copper with a hydrometallurgical method is divided into two stages.

1. Initially, raw materials leached with a weak sulfuric acid solution.
2. At the final stage, the metal is highlighted directly from the solution mentioned in the first paragraph.

This method is used in the processing of only poor ores, since, in contrast to the previous method, it is impossible to extract precious metals. That is why the percentage coming to this method is so small compared to another method.

A little about the title

The CUPRUM chemical element, indicated by the CU symbol, was given its name in honor of the notorious island of Cyprus. That is where in the distant third century BC, large deposits of copper ore were found. Local masters worked on these mines, this metal was smelted.

Perhaps it is impossible to understand what metal copper is, without sobering in its properties, the main characteristics and features.

When contacting air, this metal becomes yellowish pink. This unique golden pink shade is caused by the appearance of an oxide film on the metal surface. If this film is removed, copper will acquire expressive pink color with a characteristic bright metal glitter.

Amazing fact: the finest copper plates on the lumen are not at all pink, but greenish blue or, in other words, marine color.

In the form of a simple substance, copper has the following characteristics:

• amazing plasticity;
• sufficient softness;
• drig.

Clean copper without any impurities are perfectly processed - it can easily be done in a bar or a sheet or stretch into a wire, the thickness of which will be brought to thousandth fractions of the millimeter. Adding impurities to this metal increases its hardness.

In addition to the physical characteristics mentioned, this chemical element has high electrical conductivity. This feature mainly determined the use of metallic copper.

Among the main properties of this metal, it is worth noting its high thermal conductivity. In terms of electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, copper is one of the leaders among metals. Almost one metal - silver possesses higher indicators for these parameters.

It is impossible not to take into account the fact that the indicators of electro- and thermal conductivity of copper are referred to the category of basic properties. They are preserved at a high level only until the metal is in its pure form. Reduce these indicators is possible by adding impurities:

• arsenic;
• gland;
• tin;
• phosphorus;
• antimony.

Each of these impurities in combination with copper has a certain effect on it, as a result of which the values \u200b\u200bof heat and electrical conductivity are noticeably reduced.

Among other things, metal copper is characterized by incredible strength, high melting point, as well as high boiling point. The data is really impressive. The melting point of copper exceeds one thousand degrees Celsius! And the boiling point is 2570 degrees Celsius.

This metal belongs to the group of metals-diamagnetics. This means that its magnetization, as well as a number of other metals, does not occur in the direction of the external magnetic field, but against it.

Another important characteristic can be called excellent stability of this metal to corrosion. In terms of high humidity, iron oxidation, for example, occurs several times faster than copper oxidation.

Chemical properties of element

This element is inactive. When driving with dry air under normal conditions, copper does not begin to oxide. Wet air, on the contrary, starts the oxidative process, in which the copper carbonate (II) is formed, which is the top layer of patina. Almost instantly this element reacts with such substances as:

• sulfur;
• selenium;
• halogens.

Acids that do not possess oxidative properties are not able to have an effect on copper. In addition, it does not react to contact with such chemical elements as:

• nitrogen;
• carbon;
• hydrogen.

In addition to the already marked chemical properties, amphoterity is characterized for copper. This means that in the earth's crust, it is capable of forming cations and anions. The compounds of this metal can exhibit both acidic properties and basic - this directly depends on the specific conditions.

Areas and features of application

In ancient times, metal copper was used to make a variety of things. The skillful use of this material allowed the ancient people to acquire:

• expensive dishes;
• decorations;
• tools having a thin blade.

Alloys of media

Speaking about the use of copper, it is impossible not to mention its meaning in obtaining different alloys, the basis of which this metal lies . These alloys include:

• bronze;
• brass.

Two of these varieties are the main types of copper alloys. The first bronze alloy was created in the East for another three thousand years to our era. Bronze can rightly be considered one of the greatest achievements of antiquity metallurgists. In fact, bronze is a copper connection with other elements. In most cases, Tin is in the role of the second component. But regardless of which elements are included in the alloy, copper is always the main component. Brass formula contains mainly copper and zinc, but additions to them in the form of other chemical elements are also possible.

In addition to bronze and brass, this chemical element is involved in the creation of alloys with other metals, among which aluminum, gold, nickel, tin, silver, titanium, zinc. Copper alloys with non-metals, such as oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus, are much less used.

Industry industry

Valuable properties of copper alloys And pure substances contributed to their use in such industries as:

• electrical engineering;
• electromachinoction;
• instrument making;
• radioelectronics.

But, of course, it is not all areas of application of this metal. It is highly environmental material. That is why it is used in the construction of houses. For example, a roofing coating made of metal copper, due to its highest corrosion stability, has a service life for more than a hundred years, without requiring special care and painting.

Another area of \u200b\u200buse of this metal is the jewelry industry. It is mainly used in the form of alloys with gold. Copper-gold alloy products are characterized by increased strength, high resistance. Such products for a long time are not deformed and do not be abrase.

Compounds of metallic copper are highlighted by high biological activity. In the world of flora, this metal is essential, as it is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll. The participation of this element in this process allows you to detect it among the components of mineral fertilizers for plants.

Human role

The lack of this element in the human body can have a negative effect on the composition of the blood, namely to worsen it. You can fill the deficit of this substance using a specially selected nutrition. Copper is contained in many food products, so make a useful diet to do not work out. For example, one of the products, which includes this element, is the usual milk.

But constituting a rich menu that is rich in this element, one should not forget that the oversupply of its compounds can lead to poisoning of the body. Therefore, the saturation of the body by this useful substance is very important not to overdo it. And it concerns this not only the number of products consumed.

For example, food poisoning can cause the use of copper dishes. Cooking in such a glassware is extremely recommended and even prohibited. This is due to the fact that in the process of boiling in food, a significant amount of this element arrives, which can lead to poisoning.

In the ban on copper dishes there is one reservation. The use of such dishes is not dangerous if its inner surface has a tin coating. Only when performing this condition, the use of copper saucepans does not bear the threat of food poisoning.

In addition to all listed industries, the distribution of this element has not bypassed and medicine. In the field of health treatment and maintenance It is used as a binder and antiseptics. This chemical element is part of the eye drops, which are used in the treatment of such a disease as conjunctivitis. In addition, copper is an important component of various solutions from burns.

Copper (CUPRUM, CU) - a mackety plastic metal of a reddish shade, on a cut or a break - pinkish color, in thin places you can watch bluish-greenish. If this metal is in a wet place, a thin greenish film is formed on the surface - oxide.

Humanity copper is known since the most ancient times. She played a considerable role in the formation of civilization and the development of culture, including material. For a long time, various alloys from it served as material for the manufacture of weapons and instruments of labor, used in industry, made various decorations, used in medicine.

In antiquity, namely during antiquity, copper, according to experts, there was, almost the most popular tool in medical practice, as it was considered very affordable, even for the poorest population. Copper coin or decoration were each. The healers of that time were entirely convinced of the various beneficial properties of this metal.

Ancient Greek philosopher, poet and doctor EmMedocle, always wore copper sandals, believing that they help to improve well-being, and Aristotle argued that this metal should be applied, bruises and swelling and, even when I slept, did not release a copper ball.

Roman philosopher, medic, the surgeon often appealed to the medetherapy (prepared a mixture of vinegar and copper), and Avicenna after surgery to remove almonds, especially purulent, recommended rinse the oral cavity with a solution of water and vinegar, and then apply copper vitrios to the wound.

In Russia, copper also used for medicinal purposes. It was noted that the workers who mined a red metal, during the times of terrible epidemics cholera did not pain, and burlaci, which were put on the heels of Pyataks, were infected with cholera or plague much less. As a prophylactic drug from epilepsy or rickets, doctors advised to wear copper bracelets.

Currently copper is no less on the popularity of metal, which is used by alternative medicine. If we talk about oriental medicine, then there is an opinion that pain points of a person have a bit reduced electric potential and are a good current conductor of a single charge. In addition, sweat, a kind of electrolyte passes through the skin, thanks to which the copper ions penetrate deep into the body.

For treatment, you can take a copper coin or plate, you can attach to the plaster to certain areas on the body and wear around the clock, even if the spots of greenish color appeared on the body.

Some people's healers argue that the plaster is not to attach copper, but better to nourish the patient. Typically, such treatment lasts up to 5 days, but sometimes the course can last for several weeks, and even a month. After the coins (plates) are removed, the skin must be rinsed with water with soap.

For medicinal purposes, it is best to use well polished thin plates or discs made of pure copper. Experts claim that the best coins - Petrovsky time, since then they melted them without impurities, but it is almost impossible to find such money, so the version of the Soviet model is suitable until 1961, this is a copper-aluminum alloy, but the content of the metal of interest to us is very High.

Copper as a chemical element was found in vital enzymes, and in its shortage there are serious diseases.

Medical properties

Copper ions have a positive effect on the condition of the human body:

• antibacterial;
• anesthetic;
• hemostatic;
• antipyretic;
• harmonizing nervous system;
• antitumor.

In the external use of the usual applique of copper may withdraw the inflammatory process, an anesthesone will accelerate the ripening of the nalar, disinfects the infectious foci.

With benign tumors, copper plates have a positive effect - remove, treat mastopathy and even.

Copper favorably acts on the cardiovascular system. When coins are applied to the subclavian yam and are kept until the state facilitates.

How to treat honey

Copper brands that are most suitable for treatment - mg, Mo, mob, vacuum copper.

It is in these brands that the percentage of the useful metal is the highest.

To understand whether you have treatment, you need to attach a piece of copper to the sick zone at night or even for 24 hours. If the plate literally glued to the skin, then the positive therapeutic effect can be expected.

After removing the plate on the skin, a green flare can remain. This means that the plate "works". If it is not observed, you need to replace the brand of copper or change the place of overlay.

It is the opinion that she herself sticks to the right places and does not even need additional fixation. At the end of treatment disappears.

Treatment with copper plates or coins is shown to people of any age. The coins of the royal chasing and Soviet are considered particularly valuable and strong since 1930 until 1957, as well as 2, 3, 5 - penny until 1961. You can use special copper discs or red copper plates, which are purchased in pharmacies of alternative medicine.

Hand and leg joints can be treated with copper wire. For this purpose, it must be well cleaned and withstand 2 hours in acetic essence. Wired wrapped the sick joint of the limb, you can lower back. An additional healing effect occurs due to emerging circular microtons.

To "revitalize" the metal, the coin is boiled in a weakly-salt solution, washed, calcined on fire, clean the shallow sandpaper.

Copper bracelets from vacuum copper contain more than 99% pure metal, they must have a closed circuit and do not contain any inserts from other metals. Such bracelets are well treated with hypertension (right hand) and hypotension (left hand). The bracelet should help as close as possible to the skin, be well polished. It is necessary to wear on the wrist zone where the pulse is taught. The positive effect of copper bracelets not only was noted, but also with meteo-dependence, weak immunite, when pregnant, migraines, arthritis, radiculitis.

Copper cans are used in Tibet medicine. Apply them, with broncho-pulmonary diseases. And Russian signs set such banks on the stomach when the internal organs are omitted.

If you boil copper coins in water, a means for internal use that stimulates the operation of the internal organs is obtained. However, this information is not sufficiently confirmed by practice.

Application for various diseases

Folk healers argue that the applique of copper coins can remove the temperature and inflammatory processes in the human body, including inflammation of the joints, will remove pain, contributes to the ripening of the dishes.

With the help of such an applique, you can treat gynecological diseases, including fibromu of the uterus (apply to the bottom of the abdomen), mastopathy (apply to the chest).

Copper, according to the statement of healers, it is possible to stop bleeding, eliminate hernia, applies its applications after a heart attack to stabilize the general condition, they also contribute to a decrease in radiation effect during irradiation.

1. . At night, impose coins or discs superimposed on the almond area. Then the throat is tied with a warm scarf. Exposure time from 9 to 12 hours.
2. . Compresses from copper water are applied to sore places for 3-4 hours.
3. . Wearing coins in those places of foot where they themselves attached well until they themselves disappear.
4. . The coins are applied to the region of the hymorospheric sinuses.
5. . The copper coin is laid by the edge of honey berries closer to the anal hole. The plate is fixed a little higher on the smoking.
6. . On the forehead, whiskey and the heads are applied with coins or discs, in the body position lying. After 30 minutes the pain falls.
7. With benign tumors, if the diagnosis is indeed confirmed. Appliques on the skin above the tumor zone. Hold 7 days, break for 3 days, another 7 days.
8. Female diseases. The applying zone is the bottom of the abdomen. Copper is applied for 30 minutes.
9. When cataract and glaucoma. We apply Pyatif (plate) on the arc, which comes from the angle of the eye to the temple. Pyatk must stick to the skin itself.
10. For fractures and bruises. Applications from copper plates is superimposed on the place where copper itself sticks well. After a week, the plate is transferred to another place. Hold to complete cure. In the first hours of treatment, a small swelling is possible, a feeling of heat, an increase in pain, which quickly passes. With a sense of the taste of metal in the mouth, treatment is stopped.
11. With scars and spikes. Directly on the scar or spike zone applied copper.
12. . Drink copper water for 2 - 3 tablespoons before eating 3 times a day for a month. Several courses of treatment with interruptions of 5 - 7 days.
13. With heart pains, after a heart attack. In the plug-in copper disk, if it is connected with the skin, we leave for 10 days, fix the plaster. For the night not shoot.
14. . Behind the ear, on a convex bone, we put 2 - a penny coin. The second is on the goat.
15. With noise in the ears, the coin put a back on the neck.

Copper, as well as silver and gold, has bactericidal properties, so it can be used as an antiseptic during water sterilization. Such water can rinse the throat and rinse your eyes.

Official medicine does not deny the useful properties of copper and applies it for the preparation of drugs. For example, copper sulfate is used in phosphorus burns, it is also used as an antiseptic tool in eye drops. Copper nitrate is used in eye oats.

If copper is connected with vitamin C, it will significantly increase the body's resistance to infections.

Copper in food

Huge importance of copper plays in the human body, namely, contributes to the exchange of substances and growth process, provides the human body with energy. It serves as an antioxidant protection, which significantly prolongs our lives, participates in the structure of connective tissue - elastin, melanin and collagen. Every day, a person with food should consume not less than 2 mg of copper, and at large physical exertion - at least 3 mg, about the same dose is necessary for a patient suffering from heart ischemia.

There are many products that contain copper.

• These are nuts, cocoa, peas, mushrooms (boomes, white mushroom, chanterelles, champignons).
• Copper is contained in seafood, in the liver of halibut and cod, a lot of it and in buckwheat and oatmeal, in Rzhan and wheat bread.
• In addition, copper meets in medicinal herbs: beastly, wormwood, yarrow, oregano.

Contraindications

It is worth knowing that treatment with copper helps not always and not everyone. That is why it is necessary to undergo a thorough examination to establish the cause of the disease, since it is possible to provoke a deterioration in the state if you influence the secondary hearth disease.

Folk healers recommend an easy way to determine whether copper treatment will help or not. If the coin is easily held on the body and the skin color is gradually changing, it means that the treatment will be successful if this has not happened, then the medicalherapy can cause discomfort, and even complications.

When using copper inside, when the dosage is not respected, it is possible to poison its salts. Overdose causes vomiting, there are cramps, diarrhea, there is a weakening of cardiac activity and breathing, and a suffocation occurs, even a coma. True, such poisoning is extremely rare. To avoid such a situation, it is necessary to coordinate with the attending physician all its actions.

All the most kind of you!