FPM (FKM) is manufactured by Viton Du Pont. Semi-finished stitched ...
Voronin Vladimir Ivanovich, Honored rationalizer of the Russian Federation, Expert on Consulting Company's Production Systems Bestlog
This article is devoted to the consideration of the actual issue of reconstruction and technical modernization of production, intended for managers of enterprises, technical directors, manufacturers of production, main engineers and mechanics, engineers and specialists to address the preparation and reconstruction of equipment and technology changes in enterprises.
Objectives of enterprises modernization:
Production of new products and / or products with improved characteristics; - improving the efficiency of the fleet of technological equipment;
Reduction of the complexity of industrial processes and, as a result, optimization of the number of operating personnel;
Reducing the duration of production production cycle; - reduction of losses (productive and non-production);
Reducing the cost of the product (due to the use of progressive technologies, materials, savings of energy and labor resources).
The main issue in the reconstruction of production is the assessment of the estimated effectiveness of events, which, in turn, depends on the technical and technological and logistics studies of the issues:
Availability and need to modernize logistics infrastructure (aggregates, technological lines, warehouses, pathways, etc.);
Choice of new technology or modernization of existing; - the choice of the composition of the technological equipment;
Design and manufacture special devices.
Consider in more detail examples of solutions of each question.
Case 1: Modernization of logistics infrastructure
Today there was a paradoxical situation in which the company managers invest in huge financial resources in the renewal of the fleet of technological equipment and at the same time postpone "for later" the solution of infrastructure tasks. When developing the concept of new production (or reconstruction of an existing), the solution of logistics problems should be carried out in parallel with the solution of technical and technological tasks.
The infrastructure of any enterprise consists of two logistic aspects:
Internal logistic infrastructure - ranging from acceptance of TMT to the warehouse, optimization of movement and reserves in supply, production, minimizing the duration of the production cycle, minimizing losses and downtime, etc.;
External logistics infrastructure - ranging from the concept of optimal placement of warehouses, ways, minimizing downtime under loading / unloading, organizing the work of the dispatch unit, laying out the placement of external conveyors, bunkers, racks and ending with the information system for controlling the supply chain.
The preliminary study of logistics issues at the design stage of the production of production makes it possible to prevent future logistics problems of the company and significantly saved on logistics costs.
Initial data. There is an enterprise - the manufacturer of food products of essentials. The company's management plans to increase the amount of products produced six times. Technical and technological problems of production are solved by upgrading three technological lines to ensure greater performance. New equipment ordered. In the course of the analysis of the situation on the strategic development of the company there were ambiguities with the possibility of providing timely acceptance of raw materials and shipping orders.
Question: What events needed to be developed to ensure the possibility of producing and implementing a new product volume before ordering equipment?
1. To carry out the logistics audit of the entire supply chain, starting with the procurement of raw materials and ending with the return of the sparklers from customers.
2. Make a description of the logistics parameters "as is" according to plan:
Procurement logistics (transport, container, TC arrival schedules, description of cargo, use of mechanisms and devices);
Production logistics (productivity of production by type per hour, the duration of the production cycle of components, regulations of work in progress, standards of residues, etc.);
Warehouse logistics (quantity, range and intensity of admission, placement, storage, configuration of finished products, characteristics of freight units, requirements for preservation and expiration time, etc.);
Distribution logistics (the structure of orders, the intensity of their preparation, adjustment, execution, the number of orders, the number of selected integers, prefab, combined freight units, etc.);
Return logistics (recovery package characteristic, intensity of receipt, requirements for cleanliness, identification, etc.).
3. Reveal reserves of efficiency in each of the logistics subsystems.
4. Make a forecast of development and plan for the production of products according to the nomenclature and assortment.
6. Design the outputs of finished products, calculate the zones and the estimated volume of transport, containers, calculate the possibilities of processing and storage, peak loads on the warehouse.
8. Make a list of "weaknesses", increase their reliability, ensure the presence of spare parts and control procedures.
10. Agree with subsidiaries of additional products (if any) shipment schedules.
11. Develop a scheme for the arrangement and movement of products in stock by the hour to determine the optimal storage scheme for types.
12. Agree with equipment suppliers with the possibility of serving containers in certain storage warehouse locations.
13. Make an informational and lithium model of the logistics system for the listed pair of meters.
14. Develop logistical businesspeople, regulations for work.
15. Develop a system of interrelated logistics indicators.
16. To form estimated sheets for each official unit.
17. Experienced by identifying and establishing standards for non-normalized operations.
18. Change the system of motivation to achieve the result.
19. Determine document management and management reporting scheme.
As a result of the implementation of such a work, the company would additionally save up to 20% of its possible additional costs for unnecessary displacements, stocks, irrational delivery schemes, marriage losses, and would also increase the performance of employees by 10% due to a more uniform load on the storage warehouse.
Questions "On Failure": What was the main management error? Does the development of a logistics scheme prevenches for reconstruction plans? What consequences may have "forgetfulness" of manuals regarding logistics in this enterprise? How big is the risk of inefficient use of equipment at existing logistics? How are things with logistics in your enterprise?
The following is the task of choosing one of two options: to improve existing equipment in the framework of the existing technology or purchase a completely new technology and radically improve the equipment park?
Case 2: selection of new technology or upgrading existing
Modernize or change - this rhetorical issue is solved by economic calculations and costs and benefits for several years ahead. Usually the modernization of the existing technology is constantly and continuously, and the cardinal technological changes are excited by the company every 30-40 years. Initial data. In almost any production enterprise in the operation of heat exchange units, the internal surfaces1, which circulates the coolant, overgrown with carbonate sediments, the consequence of the decrease in the efficiency of the operations of the systems.
Question: How best to restore lost characteristics of heat exchanger units?
Solution: To restore the lost characteristics of heat exchanger units, it is economically advisable to clean the water-cooled elements from carbonate sediments.
Replace heat exchange units possible, but they are expensive and their acquisition does not eliminate the enterprise from the need for cleaning procedures in the future.
There are many ways to clean the internal surfaces from carbonate sediments, according to which flowing water circulates. For example, with help:
Mechanical exposure using drilling equipment;
Chemical impact on deposit by applying various reagents.
The listed methods are usually low-performance and require significant capital costs. The cleaning quality is almost 40-55% of the source.
It was proposed to clean the inner surfaces of heat exchange devices from carbonate sediments by applying the installation of electro-hydraulic cleaning using the effect of uutkin. The use of a device based on the aforementioned method, when cleaning the inner surfaces of water-cooled Rollers, the UNRS from the deposits allowed not only to significantly increase the purification productivity, but also to provide its quality close to 100 %2.
Questions "On Fasting": How do your enterprises solve similar tasks? How to motivate employees to innovation and continuous improvements? What are the annual losses of your company because of the worsening year in the year of the efficiency of heat exchanger aggregates?
After you have chosen the type of modernization, the following important task has to be solved - determine the composition of the technological equipment.
Case 3: Choosing a Composition of Technological Equipment
Under the choice of composition of technological equipment meant:
1. The choice and development of the planning solution to the arrangement of the existing and newly purchased equipment within a single technological chain.
2. The choice of new equipment throughout the entire production technology.
3. Development and selection of unique technological equipment capable of solving multipurpose modernization tasks3.
The determining factor guarantees the correctness of the choice of the composition of technological equipment is a clearly compiled technical task.
Initial situation. The company's management has set the task to appreciate the needs of the enterprise in the modernization of equipment and technology.
Question: What events need to be held to choose one of three ways - partial improvement, upgrades in the framework of an existing technology or a cardinal change of technology and equipment?
1. To estimate the need for production in partial technology improvements, follows:
Identify areas on which technological failures occur;
Evaluate the operational reliability of the UP to VIA;
Determine the nature of failures and their impact on the performance of the entire technological process;
Evaluate the level of losses before at Yation; - compare the costs of partial improvements with the benefit received (including elimination of losses).
In case the effect of partial improvement is less than 50% of non-accredited, the question of the possibility of upgrading equipment under the existing technology should be developed.
2. To determine the need to upgrade production within the framework of existing technology, it is required:
To identify "bottlenecks" in those laugh;
Determine the influence of "bottlenecks" on the use of technology on adjacent areas, environmental impact;
Make a scheme of "productivity of the material flow", showing on it which elements of the system can be improved, and which required replacements to similar in terms of performance;
Compare the costs of improving and replacing equipment within the framework of existing technology and predict the economic characteristics of production and implementation for five years ahead. In the event that, for example, it is assumed to be a significant increase in demand (implementation), it makes sense to work out the question of the cardinal change of equipment in the framework of a completely new production technology.
3. To understand the feasibility of cardinal change of technology and / or equipment, consider an example.
Products with qualitatively new characteristics have appeared on the market, which uses good demand from buyers. In existing, obsolete equipment and with the existing backward production technology, it is impossible to obtain such characteristics. In order to enter the production leaders with similar characteristics, it is necessary to drastically change the technologies and update the equipment, which clearly calculates the financial load and assessing the risks of the oscillation of demand.
Also, the cardinal change of technology and equipment is often used in the projects of optimizing the internal logistics of the company: for example, when it is consolidated and the workshops in the sequence of motion of the production cycle of the product manufacturing (accordingly, to transfer outdated equipment is impractical).
Note: Suppliers of foreign equipment sometimes use incorrect techniques for working with Russian manufacturers in the preparation of the technical part of the contract, which allows them in the future to "pump out" additional financial resources.
Finally, with the reconstruction of the production of the most "simple" and the mostst of the most recently, a number of tasks of modernization is the "batch of bottlenecks" using independently manufactured special devices ...
Case 4: making special devices
At the analysis (audit) of existing technologies, the question of the expediency of the modernization of any part of the technological chain often arises, as a result of which the need for the design and manufacture of special devices that contribute to the implementation of the modernization goals is revealed. By design, special devices can be both small nodes and solid technological installations.
Initial data. During the operation of the technological equipment of one of the metallurgical plants, a number of problems have emerged - the low quality of the heat capacity, as well as a decrease in the reliability of the transport equipment due to the reference of the transported material from the constantly moving conveyor tape during its loading.
Question: How to improve the quality of loading thermal capacity and operational reliability of transport equipment?
Solution: The necessary information was made: from which the existing technological system of loading is consisting of - weight bunkers, equipped with shutters, inclined trays for which bulk material is refused to ribbon conveyor ribbon.
Analysis of information revealed a significant lack of functioning of the technical system - the occurrence of "tailings" (residues of the material poured over the tray on the receiving conveyor after the discharge of the material from the weight bunkers). The emergence of "tailings" is due to the inability to simultaneously remove the entire portion of the material being discharged from the weight bunker on the inclined tray on the conveyor. Therefore, part of the material continues to be replaced from the tray on the conveyor (already after the properly generated portion of the material moved from the location of it and is sent to feed to the blast furnace) is randomly, which ultimately reduces the quality of loading the blast furnace. At the same time, the "tails", referred to the conveyor tape, contaminate the territory of the workshop and equipment, reducing the reliability of its work.
As a result, a decision was made on a minor upgrade installation to eliminate the likelihood of "tailings" when loading a blast furnace by forming the volume of a given portion of the discharged material to the mobile ribbon of the conveyor.
The design of shut-off valves was proposed, each of which is kinematically connected to the corresponding unloading tray of the weight funnel4.
Note: What you need to do to successfully implement the modernization project:
1. To form a schedule and have clear ideas about the form and level of modernization (production, workshop, plot, type of equipment, number, part, budget, period responsible).
2. Make a competent technical task, with the involvement of the third (independent) party.
3. To form a budget of upgrading from five parts:
Capital expenditures;
Logistics costs; - Intangible expenses;
Motivational Fund of the Working Group (a prerequisite for the success of the project);
Overheads.
4. Predict the financial capabilities of the enterprise, taking into account the internal and external macroeconomic indicators.
5. To hold a competition for replacing the vacancy of the project manager of the modernization or to order Headhunting5 to the recruitment agency.
6. To form a working group on the project of modernization on the basis of not only the skills, but also the psychological compatibility of employees.
7. Develop and approve the business process, the regulations, indicators of the assessment of the contribution of each participant, as well as the procedure, deadlines and shape of the reporting of the Working Group.
8. Weekly monitor and regulate the creative process (for an intangible and material incentive).
Instead of imprisonment
It should be noted the importance of a comprehensive and consistent solution of such tasks starting with design issues. When carrying out project work, always ask yourself: "Why so, not otherwise?", "Where is the" narrow place "on this scheme?", "How much are we confident in the achievements of planned performance values?", "How we optimized the inner and external logistics? ". Clear and understandable answers to these questions will increase the reliability of your system and give confidence in the success of events. Typical errors and ways of their adjustment and warnings in the modernization of production are presented in the table.
In the era of technical progress, when the consumer appears a variety of choice, scientific systems are invariably implemented in the production lines of concerns, withdrawing conditions for the new level. Innovative concepts make it possible to significantly improve the quality of the products, reducing the cost of the enterprise due to the rational use of consumables.
Modernization in production, as is done
To date, the automation of the technological line is carried out both in small objects and in large industrial concerns. Modernization of production is a need to maintain leading positions in a certain industry under conditions of constant competition.
Modernization of production
In the era of technical progress, when the consumer appears a variety of choice, scientific systems are invariably implemented in the production lines of concerns, withdrawing conditions for the new level. Innovative concepts make it possible to significantly improve the quality of the products, reducing the cost of the enterprise due to the rational use of consumables. To date, the automation of the technological line is carried out both in small objects and in large industrial concerns. Modernization of production is a need to maintain leading positions in a certain industry under conditions of constant competition.
Common Prerequisites for Modernization of Production
Improving the technical potential of the existing equipment or the introduction of new systems - a deposit to an increase in the profitability of the enterprise, which opens up new professional horizons in front of the corporation. Often the main prerequisites for the automation of production are the following factors:
The above reasons become significant arguments in favor of automating the production and reconstruction of standard equipment, the technological potential of which does not satisfy the needs of the target audience.
Benefits of the modernization of production
Modernization of production is a complex of narrow-profile procedures, which involves the design of capacity and the subsequent manufacture of high-tech equipment, the introduction of automated systems and staff training on the enterprise.
After commissioning work, the Customer invariably notices the following advantages:
By adding the improvement of the technological line to professionals, the management of the company makes the first step towards a new system of control and management in production. In Russia, all types of engineering services are provided by Matrix Group, whose employees have a sufficient level of narrow-profile knowledge and skills. For 12 years, representatives of the Domestic Company have been reconstructed on the facility of the equipment and manufactured high-tech units, implement automated systems in the enterprise and put commissioning. To trust the representatives of the Matrix GK - it means to reveal the technological potential of production to the maximum.
Modernization of production
In the era of technical progress, when the consumer appears a variety of choice, scientific systems are invariably implemented in the production lines of concerns, withdrawing conditions for the new level. Innovative concepts make it possible to significantly improve the quality of the products, reducing the cost of the enterprise due to the rational use of consumables. To date, the automation of the technological line is carried out both in small objects and in large industrial concerns.
Modernization of equipment
Modernization of production is a need to maintain leading positions in a certain industry under conditions of constant competition.
Common Prerequisites for Modernization of Production
Improving the technical potential of the existing equipment or the introduction of new systems - a deposit to an increase in the profitability of the enterprise, which opens up new professional horizons in front of the corporation. Often the main prerequisites for the automation of production are the following factors:
The above reasons become significant arguments in favor of automating the production and reconstruction of standard equipment, the technological potential of which does not satisfy the needs of the target audience.
Benefits of the modernization of production
Modernization of production is a complex of narrow-profile procedures, which involves the design of capacity and the subsequent manufacture of high-tech equipment, the introduction of automated systems and staff training on the enterprise. After commissioning work, the Customer invariably notices the following advantages:
By adding the improvement of the technological line to professionals, the management of the company makes the first step towards a new system of control and management in production. In Russia, all types of engineering services are provided by Matrix Group, whose employees have a sufficient level of narrow-profile knowledge and skills. For 12 years, representatives of the Domestic Company have been reconstructed on the facility of the equipment and manufactured high-tech units, implement automated systems in the enterprise and put commissioning. To trust the representatives of the Matrix GK - it means to reveal the technological potential of production to the maximum.
The modernization of industrial enterprises, houses and structures is often confused with their reconstruction.
Modernization of equipment. Economic expediency
You can subjected to such a procedure with various objects with any intended purpose, and the change in quality characteristics does not always determine the concept. Let's try to figure out what the difference between these categories and how significant it is.
Definition
Modernization - This is an object update to bring in compliance with modern standards, criteria, requirements. You can upgrade the education system, production, equipment or car.
Reconstruction - These are targeted activities for changing the parameters of buildings and structures, individual elements of objects (height, floors, etc.), the implementation and updating of engineering networks.
Comparison
Thus, reconstruction is either restoring the initial state of the object, or its root reorganization. This set of events can be implemented only in construction and architecture. With regard to this industry, the reconstruction is aimed at changing technical indications (improving the layout of the building, an increase in the total area, the restoration of the initial appearance).
Modernization - renewal of the structure due to its moral aging. Immediately before conducting these activities, it no longer complies with the standards and rules: engineering communications, the level of thermal insulation, security is outdated. In industry, reconstruction is the restoration of production complexes that have not performed their functions for a long time. Modernization - a change in existing objects in order to establish the production of modern products and increase the competitiveness of a particular plant, factory.
Conclusions to thedifference.ru.
- The main goal. The purpose of modernization is a fundamental reorganization of the object, the introduction of new systems and networks that will make it modern. The purpose of the reconstruction is the change in the characteristics of the building, the production complex, the improvement of its qualities.
- Cause. Modernization is carried out due to the fact that the object is outdated, and reconstruction - due to common wear.
- Condition of the object. After reconstruction, the quality of the object is improved, economic and technical characteristics increase, or the initial state is completely restored. After upgrading the function of the object can be radically changed.
Replacing the moral and physically obsolete equipment in order to increase the production of products and reduce the share of variable costs in the cost - section of the economy, the analysis of the profitability of the enterprise of the Knitted company "Victoria" and its impact on the competitiveness of the replacement of moral and physically obsolete equipment in order to increase the release ...
Replacing the moral and physically obsolete equipment in order to increase the production of products and reduce the share of variable costs in the cost. An important source of increase in production, cost reduction and increasing the amount of profit is the optimal selection of equipment.
It may be the commissioning of not installed equipment, replacement and modernization of equipment, more intensive use, the introduction of measures of scientific and technological progress. As the analysis showed, the main reason for the reduction of profitability in OAO Victoria was the increase in the cost of production.
It is known that the source of cost reduction is to increase the volume of production and reduce its production costs by increasing the level of labor productivity, economical use of raw materials, materials, electricity, reducing production marriage. To date, the outdated base of technological equipment, the equipment of workplaces tools and auxiliary material does not meet the requirements of technology and quality.
Therefore, correctly selected equipment will allow solving the problem of improving the efficiency of the enterprise. For example, the manufacture of cycling products in the enterprise is carried out on the O3DC chute machine, which produces 9 pairs of hosiery products per hour. To increase the production of hosiery products, it would be advisable to use the machine of the Italian company Matex - Mono-4 with a computer set of drawing.
Thanks to the new technical solutions, the machine provides knitting products, in quality not inferior to the best in world samples. Software and computer design design allow for 15-20 minutes to switch to the release of a new product model.
The transition to a new model on the existing equipment requires from 11 to 25 hours of painstaking work of a highly qualified wizard. Productivity of a new machine 15 pairs of horseship products per hour, which is 1.5 times higher than the performance of existing machines. Pre-painted yarn in combination with computer design and control will allow in a wide range to change the color gamut of products. The SDRS -180 forming machine is designed to finish with ferry of hosiery products. This machine with a capacity of 4,700 products in shift is able to replace three existing machines with the same steam consumption and a significant reduction in electricity consumption.
The machine supplier is specializing in the production of equipment for the textile industry firm. Located in Shanghai PRC. Since Victoria JSC applies the formative equipment and the employees of the enterprise has accumulated experience of its service and operation, then staff training will not require additional costs.
And, finally, a fundamentally new technical approach for OJSC Victoria can be the development of the technology of coloring yarn under pressure in bobbins, which will eliminate the energy-high-cost painting of finished products and will provide a wide range of color yarn. To implement this offer, the company needs to purchase installations for dyeing under pressure and auxiliary equipment complex.
The supplier of this equipment is also a Chinese import company and export of complex equipment from Shanghai. The use of all the above equipment even at 80 downloads will ensure the implementation of the production program scheduled for 2005 at the same time the forming and painting equipment will work in two shifts, a knitting machine - in three shifts. Calculate the economic efficiency of equipment replacement. Table 3.1 Table 3.1 Original data for calculating Equipment Equipment Couples hour Edition per year. Commodity products price, RUB Cost of commercial production thousand rubles Machine of OGDS 9,7093 9.80 69511,4 Machine MONO-4 15 11822 9.80 115855,6 Deviation 6 4729 46344.2 To determine the profit growth reserve, it is necessary to increase product sales Multiply to actual profit per unit of products. Table 3.2 R PVPP R VPP Pedf 11822 - 7093 0.31 1466 thousand rubles. Then the possible amount of profit will be - 3685.9 thousand rubles 2220 1466 3685.9 thousand rubles. Table 3.2 Calculation of profit of profit by increasing the volume of product sales Type of products Possible sales volume, thousand apartments Actual profit amount including the possible amount of profits, thousand rubles reserve for increasing the amount of profits of thousand rubles of products of total hosiery 11822 0.31 2220 3686 1466 Installing the new equipment of the MONO-4 knitting machine, the forming machine SDRS -180 and installation for dyeing with auxiliary equipment will not only increase the volume of commercial products, but also reduce costs per unit of products.
According to the technical characteristics of the equipment, the electricity consumption in one hour of operation is the Avtomat, 5 kWh. Machine MONO-4 - 5 kWh Forming machine - 3,6 kWh H forming machine SDRS -180 - 3.6 kWh h Price 1kw electricity - 2,16 руб. Calculate the cost of electricity per unit products Piece of OGDS - 5kWh h 2,16 rubles 9 Par 1.2 rubles Machine MONO-4 - 5kW 2.16 15 Par 0,72 rubles Therefore, the reserve of cost reduction will be 0.48 rubles 0.72 - 1.2 - 0.48 rub. Since one forming machine SDRS -180 is able to replace the three existing molding machines, the electricity savings will be 3.6 3 - 3.6 7.2 kWh or 15.55 rubles. at one o'clock. On the unit of finished products, electricity savings from using the SDRS -180 molding machine will be approximately 1.04 rubles. In general, the use of new equipment savings on electricity will be 1.52 rubles 0.48 1.04. Calculation of increasing profits by reducing the cost of commercial products by calculating the as follows the revealed reserve reduction in the cost of products to multiply on the possible amount of its sales, taking into account growth reserves.
Table 3.3 R PS R with VRPF RVRP 1,52 11822 17969,4 Rub Table 3.3 Calculation of increasing amount of profit by reducing cost per unit Production Type of products Reducing costs per unit of products. RUB POSSIBLE PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTS, THROUGH PARTNING RESERVE OF THE REDUCE OF PROGRAM, MEASURES.RUCH WORKING PRODUCTS 1.52 11822 17969,4 In addition to increasing the volume of products, the use of new equipment will affect the range and quality of hosiery products. The company will have the opportunity to diversify the range, expand the color gamut, use the drawing on products from high elastic threads.
High quality knitting of hosiery and more efficient finishing at the formation stage will provide a stable texture of products and an attractive appearance. Introduction In the process of knitting in the product of elastic threads - Elastane and Likers will provide good fit and preservation of products forms.
A wide color range of products and drawing is particularly attractive for children's and female products.
In general, this will allow the enterprise to strengthen the competitiveness of its products.
Improving the quality of commercial products is a significant reserve of profit growth.
Calculate the reserve of growth profits by improving the quality of commercial products as follows the change in the specific grade of each variety is multiplied by the vacation price of the corresponding variety, the results are summed up, and the obtained change in the average price is multiplied by the possible amount of product sales. Table 3.3 RDI TSI 100 VRPFI P VRP 0.05 11822 591.1 thousand rubles Table 3.3 Calculation of increasing amount of profit due to improved product quality stocking products Products selling price per unit, rub Specific, change in the average sales price The fact is possible I 9.85 92.7 100 7.3 0.72 II 9.17 7.3 -7.3 -0.67 Total 100 100 0.05 due to an increase in the specific weight of the products of the first grade and reduced specific gravity The second grade average sales price will increase by 0.05 rubles and the amount of profit for the possible amount of implementation by 591.1 rubles. At the calculation, average prices were taken for an existing assortment of hosiery products.
Updating the range and improving product quality will allow the company not only to increase product prices, but also to master new markets.
In general, all indicators of increasing profits Table 3.4 Table 3.4 Summarizing the results of increasing the amount of profit The source of increase The amount, thousand rubles Increased sales of 1466 Cost of production costs 17969.4 Improving product quality 591.1 Total 20026.5 Since the main source of profitability of production activities is The increase in the amount of profit from the sale of products and a decrease in the cost of commercial products, then to calculate the growth of profitability, you can use the formula R R RV - RF PF RP VRPV SV 100 - PF IF, where R R Growth RF RF - Profitability Possible RF - Profitability Actual PF - The actual amount of profits RP is the growth of profits from the sale of VRPV products - the possible amount of product sales, taking into account the revealed reserves of the SV - Possible level of the effectiveness of the IF Actual amount of the cost of sales of products P R 2220 20026,100 - 2220 67291 , 4 23.6 - 3.3 20.3. Similarly, calculate possible Rentab Lained sales of billiard-rigany products P R R RV - RF PF RP VRV CV 100 - PF VRF R 22246.5 11822 9.80 0.05 - 2220 69511,4 19.1-3.2 15.9 And so Calculations replaced the replacement of one PEC Machine Machine on the Italian machine MONO - 4, three molding machines on one SDRS -180 molding machine and installing equipment for dyeing yarn will allow an enterprise 1.
Modernization of old equipment
Increase production of commercial products with 9 pairs per hour to 15, a year from 7093 to 11821 pairs 2. Reduce the cost per unit of production by 1.52 rubles 3. Increase the amount of profit 10 times from 2220 thousand. RUB to 22246.5 thousand rubles 4. Increase the profitability of production activities by 20.3 ° C 3.3 to 23.6 5. Increase the profitability of sales of hosiery by 15.9 from 3.2 to 19.1. Consequently, the replacement of obsolete equipment to the new is advisable and is economically justified. 3.2.3
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Analysis of profitability of the enterprise of the Knitted company "Victoria" and its influence on competitiveness
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In recent years, there has been a positive turn to the preschool
childhood as a period in which significant educational resources are laid. Preschool age is the most important period of the formation of the child's personality.
At this age, children receive a basic complex of knowledge that they will be needed in adulthood. And in many respects they live their seven years before school depends in the future their ability to be successful and mobile in any socio-economic conditions
Modernization of pre-school education is a set of measures aimed at ensuring the guarantees of affordable and high-quality pre-school education, providing equal starting conditions for subsequent successful learning a child at school.
the modernization of education is precisely in the creation of a mechanism for the sustainable development of the education system, ensuring its compliance with the challenges of the XXI century, the social and economic needs of the country's development, the requests of the personality, society, the state.
To achieve it, at the level of pre-school education it is necessary
the following priority, interconnected tasks:
- ensuring state guarantees of accessibility and equal opportunities for obtaining full pre-school education;
- achieving new modern quality of pre-school education;
- formation in the system of pre-school education of effective regulatory and economic and economic mechanisms for attracting and using resources;
- increasing the social status and professionalism of pre-school education workers, strengthening their state and public support;
- development of pre-school education as an open state-public system based on the distribution of responsibility between subjects of educational policy and enhancing the role of all participants in educational relations - pupils, teachers, parents, educational organizations.
Mechanisms for solving these and other relevant preparations at the present stage of pre-school education tasks are presented in a number of regulatory documents
various levels:
- Federal Law of December 29, 2012 NO273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation";
- The procedure for organizing and implementing educational activities on basic general educational programs of preschool programs
- education (order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia 20.08.2013 NO 1014);
- Federal State Educational Standard of Preschool Education (
- Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia of 10/17/2013 NO1155);
- Professional Standard "Pedagogue (Pedagogical Activities in the Sphere
- pre-school, primary general, basic general, secondary general education)
- (educator, teacher) "(Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia of October 18, 2013 NO544N, etc.)
Among them, the Federal State Educational Standard of Preschool Education is the main document in which
new coordinates for the development of pre-school education and designate criteria
his qualities. Based on this document, the relations in the field of pre-school education are now regulated in the implementation of educational programs (instead of federal state requirements canceled from 01.01.2014.
A sample program came to replace the variable, to replace the unified "kindergarten" - various types and types of pre-school educational institutions. Search and independent selection of specific forms of educational work became the norm of teachers' activity. The innovative movement in preschool education has long been relying on a scientifically verified strategy of modernization of pre-school education, which would have tied his social, organizational, financial and economic, psychological and pedagogical and other priorities.
Directions of modernization of the pre-school education system:
· Satisfaction with the quality of pre-school education;
· Providing conditions that meet modern requirements for an educational process, including in terms of conservation and strengthening the health of pupils;
· Implementation of information and communicative technologies in the process of managing preschool education; increase professional competence and motivational readiness for innovation;
· Creation of an information and communication environment that provides parents with the opportunity to increase their competence in matters of development and education of children;
· Accessibility.
Achieving the optimal level of development of each child of preschool age, which will allow him to be successful at school, is one of the priority tasks of the development of pre-school education in the Russian Federation. Its solution is impossible without a flexible, multifunctional system of pre-school education, providing the constitutional right of every citizen of Russia for publicly available and free pre-school education.
To ensure each child of the most equal start, which will allow him to successfully study at school, it is necessary to standardize the content of pre-school education, in which the educational institution (or in the family) did not receive his child.
The process of standardization of social, including educational systems - a global trend. In Russia, currently, for most levels and levels of education, excluding preschool, federal state educational standards have been established (hereinafter - GEF).
In their essence, GEFs presented a set of mandatory requirements for
preschool education:
the structure of the main educational program of pre-school education, the conditions for its implementation and the results of development. As if, new guidelines for the result of pre-school education are given, new goals and objectives are set, the OOP structure has been changed to, the requirements for its implementation.
The following principles of pre-school education are offered to GEF:
- Full-fledged accommodation with a child of all stages of childhood;
- Enrichment of child development applification;
- Individualization of pre-school education;
- Cooperation of organizations with family;
- Accounting for the ethnocultural situation of children's development.
The focus of the OOP OD. The GEF special emphasis is on the creation of the conditions for the socialization and individualization of children as "minimum programs" and their development as a "program-maximum", while the condition for creating a developing educational environment is put forward.
Requirements for the terms of the implementation of the OOP to. Compared to the requirements of FGT in GEF, there are a smaller number of requirements of requirements, and their content is not identical. For example, in GEF, there are no requirements for educational, medical and social and information and methodological support for the educational process.
Modernization of Russian engineering enterprises: the potential, problems and ways to solve them
Individual became part of material and technical conditions, some are submitted to a special group of requirements for a developing subject-spatial environment.
The allocation of the last group is determined by the direction
pre-school education programs for the creation of conditions for the development of preschoolers.
The main task of the personnel of the pre-school organization at the stage of introducing GEF to
- carry out a detailed analysis for each group of requirements and reveal what conditions
already available in kindergarten, what you need to create and what needs to be done for this. In addition, it should be determined which conditions it is necessary to create additionally, based on the features of the functioning of this organization.
For example, modern requirements for recruitment conditions include staffing of the educational organization by qualified personnel, competent:
- in organizing events aimed at strengthening the health of pupils
- and their physical development;
- in the organization of various types of activities of pupils;
- in the implementation of interaction with parents (legal representatives) of pupils and employees of the educational organization;
- in the methodological support of the educational process;
- in the implementation of information and communication technologies;
- in providing inclusive approaches to working with preschoolers with special educational needs, including with disabilities of health
- etc.
The head of the preschool organization needs to analyze the personnel conditions, responding to the questions:
- what experience and what qualifications are required from teachers to introduce GEF to;
- whether teachers have qualifications or need additional training,
- advanced training (in which, where, in what volumes);
- how to organize selection, advanced training and (or) retraining of personnel for the implementation of GEF to?
Depending on the peculiarities of the pre-school organization (for example, the availability of groups
various orientation, structural divisions) there is a need to create additional personnel conditions.
So, in the kindergarten, a compensation group is operating, given its species in the state of the organization, relevant specialists (teachers spent the spectacles, teachers-defectologists, Tiflo- and Survyopodagogi, teachers-psychologists IDR), as well as additional educational Auxiliary staff (for example, assistants for children with violations of violations), etc.
If there is a consulting claim in the kindergarten for families of preschoolers,
not attending this organization, the head should be provided to provide
attracting to work in it, for example, a social teacher, or send educators to relevant advanced training courses.
Often, during the analysis of recruitment conditions, the need to attract employees of third-party organizations for example, scientific employees of universities, research institutes, etc.
Requirements for the results of the development of the OOP to.Instead of the integrative qualities of the preschooler defined in FGT as a planned final result of the development of the OOP, the GEFs are proposed to the targets for pre-school education.
They are marked as the social and regulatory age characteristics of possible achievements of the child at the stage of completion of the level of pre-school education. It is found, the benchmarks differ from integrative qualities, as they reflect modern ideas about the goals of pre-school education.
Specificity of preschool childhood (flexibility, plasticity of the child's development, high variations of its development, its immediacy and involuntary),
as well as systemic features of preschool education (optional level in the Russian Federation, the lack of incrementing to the child of any responsibility for the result) makes unlawful requirements from a child of pre-school age of specific educational achievements. That's why target orientationsnot directly evaluated, including in the form of pedagogical diagnostics (monitoring), are not grounds for their formal comparison with real achievements of children. Consequently, the development of the OOP must not be accompanied by interim certification and the final certification of pupils. The results of the development of children who monitor the teachers three times a year (at the beginning, the middle and at the end of the year) at the same time no one canceled, but they are intended only for the teacher to stop the individual educational route for each pupil.
The question arises: if the knowledge of children's knowledge does not occur, then for what indicators the activities of preschool educational will be evaluated
organizations? Before the kindergarten, there are now tasks related to the development of children
and creating the necessary conditions for solving them. These are these conditions (execution
requirements for the conditions for the implementation of OOP BCA) are an assessment of the activities of the educational organization and the effectiveness of the work of teachers, including on the part of the parental public.
In addition, target landmarks are the basis of the continuity of pre-school
and initial general education and, subject to the above-mentioned a priori, assume the formation of prerequisites in children's prerequisites
activities at the stage of completion of the pre-school education.
As for the preparedness of the child to school, what he should be able to.
In GEF, it is mentioned that it is necessary to develop motivational readiness for learning (after preschool life there should be a desire to learn), and not just teach a child to read, writing, etc.
Thus, at the stage of administration of GEF to it is necessary:
analyze and understand the essence of the target basics (installations and landmarks) of modern pre-school education;
compare presented in FGT and GEF to the task and principles of pre-school education;
determine the directions of improving the professional competence of teachers, draw up a plan for the work of the methodological service of the preschool organization;
analyze the conditions created by the organization, each pre-school educational group;
to identify and try to level the existing problems that are managed by a preschool organization.
It is clear that expecting momentary results from recently accepted regulatory
documents are not worth it. But you should not feel the fear of them, which is still present.
So, summarize the above:
The OOP is formed as a program of psychological and pedagogical support for positive socialization and individualization, the development of the identity of children and determines the complex of the main characteristics of pre-school education - the volume, content and planned results in the form of targets of preschool education.
In GEF, the principles of integration of educational areas and complex-thematic constructions of the educational process are not mentioned as a mandatory longcoming educational regulations for children's gardens. This fact cannot be taken as their cancellation or ban on implementation. Of course, they should be used in pre-school organizations to the extent necessary to effectively build an educational process.
To ensure the introduction of the federal state educational standard for pre-school education (hereinafter - GEF, it is necessary to conduct a number of activities in the following areas:
- creation of regulatory, methodological and analytical support for the implementation of GEF to;
- creation of organizational provision of the implementation of GEF to;
- creation of personnel support of the introduction of GEF to;
- creation of financial and economic support for the introduction of GEF to;
- creating information support for the introduction of GEF to.
Each pre-school educational organization is recommended to develop its own plan for ensuring the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard of Preschool Education, which will be directed to:
- Creating a method of methodological work that ensures support of the introduction of GEF to
- Creating a workgroup of the DOW on the introduction of GEF to
- Development and approval of the plan - the graph of the introduction of GEF to in the educational organization
- Creating conditions for the participation of pedagogical workers in educational and methodological associations of the education system
- Definition of mentors for young professionals
- Participation of guidance and pedagogical workers of pre-school education for advanced training courses
- Participation in seminars and conferences on the introduction of GEF to. Conducting pedagogical councils, etc. Activities in the DOW on the implementation of GEF to
- Organization of work points for obtaining methodological, psychological and pedagogical, diagnostic and advisory assistance to parents of children who receive preschool education
- Bringing local acts of the educational organization in line with GEF of pre-school education
- Adjustment and implementation of state (municipal) tasks.
And a little for teachers. Today in our country, the use of ICT is one of the priorities of education. As a result, new requirements are presented to the teacher and its professional competence. Teacher, the educator should not only be able to use the computer and modern multimedia equipment, but also to create their educational resources, widely use them in their activities.
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Modernization of technological equipment - is the best solution to increase productivity of industrial equipment and reduce costs, if necessary, buying a new one.
Any equipment oversale oversale over time. In order for the industrial enterprise to maintain its competitiveness, it is necessary to periodically modernize the equipment, which specialists from the company "Synthesis TMK" are successfully coped with.
After analyzing a specific situation, we offer a number of events aimed at increase equipment performance and cost reduction without the need to buy new equipment.
The result of the implementation of modernization is to increase productivity, reducing overhead costs and production costs, improving the quality of products. Investments in modernization pays off as soon as possible when performing a full cycle of work at a high professional level.
For old equipment, a complex of work on modernization is carried out. The modernization of CNC machines may include equipping the equipment upgraded with the latest CNC systems, drives, spindle nodes, hydraulics.
The costs of such modernization are constituted up to 50% of the cost of the new machine, when providing the same functional and technological capabilities.
At the same time, the upgraded equipment meets the requirements of technology for the next 10 - 12 years.
The main directions of modernization of technological equipment:
- Bringing technical parameters to modern requirements;
- Creation of typical projects for upgrading machines;
- Equipment of machines with modern control systems;
- Assessment of the state of metal cutting equipment;
- An increase in the number of managed coordinates;
- Replacement, automation of processes, mechanical nodes.
- You can bring the equipment parameters to modern, more stringent requirements, expand its technological capabilities.
- Existing machines can be upgraded, they have new control systems with CNC, hydraulic systems, spindle nodes.
- Equipment operation is automated, mechanical nodes are replaced.
Equipment at an industrial enterprise is quite expensive and most often has large dimensions and weight. If there is a need to improve the workshop, the complete replacement of the machines will require high costs for the purchase of new and disassembling the utilization of old equipment. It is still quite good and workable equipment on melting is expensive and impractical. But it is almost impossible to improve the already complex machines on their own.
Here you will need to know the design of the equipment, acquaintance with world trends in this industry, the ability to use various nodes and systems to use various components and systems and in this we can help you.
In the company "Synthesis TMK" you can order the maintenance of the following categories of industrial equipment:
- Black and non-ferrous metallurgy
- Mining industry
- Oil refining industry
- oil industry
- Heavy and light engineering
- Chemical industry
- Petrochemical industry
- Oil and gas industry
High qualifications of workers, good knowledge and the ability of their use in engineering composition allows you to use new developments on the old equipment for improving it. Our experts will analyze the operation of the machine, will perform the drawings of the new equipment, the non-standard use of some nodes will be offered.
Our employees have versatile knowledge, and therefore will be perfectly cope with the modernization of machines for the metallurgical, energy, chemical and many other industries. The presence of the necessary tolerances in combination with the experience and special knowledge makes the possible possible possible modernization of the mill, with the provision of guarantees.
In the title of construction, the word appears - "Modernization". In fact, there is a complete replacement of equipment and all engineering systems of an industrial building within the existing workshop.
In determining the cost of work, the designers had a question, as should be understood and what to attract modernization? In particular, should one or should not be able to use the coefficient of 1.15 and 1.25 in particular when determining the cost of work?
Answer
Many regulatory legal acts begin with definitions of concepts and terms used in the document. In cases where there is no clear and unequivocal definition for key terms, the application of legislation legislation in practice causes a lot of issues and controversial situations.
For process engineers, this document is, first of all, the "Methodology for determining the cost of construction products in the Russian Federation". Paragraphs 3.2. - 3.8. The definitions of new construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, capital and current repairs are given. In these clauses, "modernization" is mentioned in the description of the terms "reconstruction" and "technical re-equipment", but separate, the detailed decoding of the term "modernization" is not.
Modernization is mentioned, but without detailed decoding, and in paragraph 2. Art. 257 Tax Code of the Russian Federation: "2. The initial value of fixed assets is changed in cases of completion, retrofitting, reconstruction, modernization, technical re-equipment, partial elimination of relevant facilities and other similar reasons.
Works on completion, retrofitting, modernization include work caused by a change in technological or official purpose of equipment, buildings, structures or other objects of depreciable fixed assets, increased loads and (or) other new qualities.
For the purposes of this chapter, the reconstruction refers to the reorganization of existing facilities of fixed assets related to improving the production and increasing its technical economy indicators and implemented under the project reconstruction of fixed assets in order to increase production capacity, improving the quality and change of product nomenclature.
The technical re-equipment includes a set of measures to improve the technical and economic indicators of fixed assets or their individual parts on the basis of the introduction of advanced technology and technology, mechanization and automation of production, modernization and replacement of morally obsolete and physically worn-out equipment new, more productive. "
A more detailed definition of "modernization" is provided in the "Rules of inspection of the supporting structures of buildings and structures" SP 13-102-2003, adopted and recommended for the application of the decision of the State Construction of Russia dated August 21, 2003.4 "153:" Building modernization - a special case Reconstruction providing for the change and update of the volume-planning and architectural solutions of the existing building of the old building and its morally outdated engineering equipment in accordance with the requirements of the current standards for the aesthetics of living conditions and the operational parameters of residential buildings and production buildings. "
Close to such a definition of "modernization" (in relation to housing and communal services), is given in "Methodical recommendations for the formation of the composition of work on the overhaul of apartment buildings funded at the expense of funds stipulated by the Federal Law of July 21, 2007 No. 185-FZ" On the Reform Promotion Fund housing and communal services "(approved by the state corporation" Foundation for the Reform Reform Fund "02/15/2013).
"... Modernization of the building is a set of measures to update the functionally obsolete planning solution to the existing building used by the materials and its engineering equipment in accordance with the requirements of the current standards to the living conditions and the operational parameters of residential buildings. The essence of the modernization of the Housing Fund is to improve its consumer qualities by increasing the level of improvement, as well as in bringing buildings in line with functional requirements by applying modern building structures, materials ... ".
So: modernization is a fundamental reorganization of the structure in connection with its moral aging. Modernization is aimed at fully updating the real estate object, bringing it into line with existing specifications, standards, requirements, quality indicators. In industry, modernization is a change in the existing objects in order to establish the production of modern products and increase the competitiveness of a particular plant, factory.
In contrast to the reconstruction, modernization does not lead to an increase in the volume of the building or structure. The work performed solely on a qualitative change in the object, the change in its basic functional purpose and is always carried out in the existing dimensions of the property.
Considering the above, when determining the cost of work, modernization should be considered as a special case of reconstruction. The procedure for the use of coefficients K \u003d 1.15 and K \u003d 1.25 to clause 4.7 When performing work on modernization should be the same as for work on reconstruction.
