What harmful conditions do the guards have? Harmful production factors

List of harmful factors

In January 1976, GOST 12.0.003-74, which is still in force today, was adopted, dedicated to hazardous and harmful production factors.

At first glance, it seems that in this context, harmful and dangerous are synonyms. However, this interpretation is incorrect.

Hazardous is an industrial factor, the impact of which on the human body can lead to a sharp deterioration in health or injury.

Harmful is a production factor that, affecting the worker’s body, leads to illness or a decrease in the level of performance.

Absolutely all harmful and dangerous production factors are divided into 4 types:

1. Physical. These include, for example, the lack natural light, gas pollution in the room or increased humidity in the workplace.
2. Biological. This refers to pathogenic microorganisms, such as viruses.
3. Chemical. Irritating, toxic and other substances that enter the worker’s body through the respiratory system, mucous membranes or skin and cause harm to his health.
4. Psychophysical. These include, for example, nervous overload.

At the same time, as the legislator notes, the same harmful or dangerous production factor may belong to different groups.

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Occupational safety and health

Organizing working conditions for workers in order to exclude exposure to dangerous and harmful production factors is nothing more than labor protection.

One of the most effective methods in in this case- use of collective and personal protection. For example, in a collective way protection will be provided by ventilation equipment in the room, and individual protection will be provided by a respirator.

Despite the fact that the employer should strive for the complete absence of dangerous and harmful production factors at the enterprise, it is often not possible to completely eliminate them. In this case, it is necessary to comply with the rules for organizing the employee’s workplace and maintain the maximum permissible level of concentration of biological, physical and chemical substances in the air.

By decision of the manager, the enterprise may introduce the position of an engineer or other specialist whose responsibilities will include organizing safe working conditions.

Workers who are in process labor activity exposed to harmful factors, are required to undergo medical examinations.

The legislator determines this requirement not only by the interests of the employer (who, based on the results of the medical examination, will find out whether the employee can continue to hold his position), but also by caring for citizens in order to prevent the development of diseases that may arise during the performance of work duties.

Each type of activity has its own hazards, but their level differs significantly. There are a number of professions that involve an increased level of exposure of the working person to adverse factors and substances associated with increased physical activity or a high degree of direct risk to life, the threat of disability. In order to avoid confusion and ambiguous interpretations regarding hazardous production factors and to ensure proper protection of the interests of all parties (employee, employer, society), this area is regulated by the state, which determines and establishes by law their maximum permissible concentrations and exposure levels (MPC and PDU), list dangerous professions, the procedure for mandatory medical examination, as well as other norms labor law and labor protection.

What are harmful production factors

From a legal and regulatory point of view, harmful production factors– these are those that are associated with increased stress and risks in relation to physical and mental health (compared to most types of activity).

Harmful working conditions are characterized by the presence of harmful production factors (HPFs) that exceed established standards. Dear reader! Our articles talk about typical solutions legal issues

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Types of harmful and dangerous production factors

The list of harmful production factors is very extensive. Production factors by profession can vary significantly, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

1. Based on the type of impact, they can be divided into 4 large groups: Physical
2. – imply adverse effects on humans of harmful and dangerous physical working conditions, such as noise, vibration, insufficient lighting, changes or exposure to dangerous high or low temperatures, humidity, radiation, etc. Chemical
3. – are associated with work or potential contact with hazardous substances that pose a threat to life and health if ingested, in contact with the skin, or inhaled (for example, caustic substances, petroleum products, synthetic liquids, dyes, fertilizers, hazardous volatile compounds, products combustion, radiation, etc.)– increased likelihood of contact with dangerous microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi) or working with animals and plants that, under certain circumstances, may pose a threat, act as carriers of dangerous diseases, etc.
4. Psychophysiological– this is a huge list of factors associated with both physical and psycho-emotional overload: heavy physical work, increased load on analyzers and sensory organs (vision, hearing, etc.), high intensity or monotony of work, mental fatigue and stressful emotional overload .

The degree and duration of exposure to adverse production factors may vary.

In this regard, according to the degree of danger they distinguish:

1. Harmful– exceeding the maximum permissible concentration, which with a single exposure does not carry an increased risk, but as a result of constant long-term exposure leads to deterioration of health, diseases, and decreased performance. This is a wide group of factors - such as increased noise levels, monotony, etc.
2. Dangerous PF– this is a factor, even a single exposure to which leads to a sharp deterioration in health, injury, disability or death. These are, for example, high doses of radiation, entry into the body of a dangerous virus, contact with an open flame, etc.

Harmful factors, depending on the duration and intensity of exposure, can become dangerous.

Thus, dangerous and harmful factors differ in the degree of risk to health, and harmful factors are already acting, while dangerous factors are potential, their impact occurs under certain circumstances. To prevent exposure to hazardous factors and minimize the impact of harmful factors, there are safety precautions and a set of labor protection measures at work, compliance with which is the responsibility of both the employer and the employee himself (for example, the use of individual funds protection when performing hazardous work, etc.).

Based social significance types of activities associated with the influence of harmful production factors are protected by law:

1. Employee interests, whose activities are associated with increased harm: health status is monitored (regular medical examinations), compensation and benefits are established, longer leave, early retirement and increased pension payments.
2. Employer interests: legislation is intended to provide a solution labor disputes, protecting the interests of both the worker and the employee, and ensuring maximum safety and labor efficiency.
3. Interests of society. The state establishes a special form of admission to positions and regular medical examinations for a number of socially significant professions, where the life and health of other people depends on the ability of a specialist to effectively cope with his tasks under conditions of increased stress and adverse factors (for example, a firefighter, pilot, driver, teacher, doctor , nuclear power plant operator).

Legislation regulating the organization of medical examinations

The main regulatory legal documents regulating the conduct of mandatory medical examinations are currently:

1. Labor Code Russian Federation(Art. 69, 212, 213, 266, 328).
2. RF dated April 12, 2011 N 302n “On approval of lists of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors and work, during which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) are carried out, and the Procedure for conducting mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) workers employed at hard work and at work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions.” With changes and additions from: May 15, 2013, December 5, 2014
3. Order of the Ministry of Health and social development RF dated April 12, 2011 No. 302n “On approval of lists of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors and work, during which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) are carried out, and the Procedure for conducting mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) workers engaged in heavy work and work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions.”
4. Industry documents.

According to Art. 212 Labor Code In the Russian Federation, the obligation to organize mandatory medical examinations rests with the employer. The employee must undergo a medical examination in cases provided for by law. If the employer does not fulfill the obligation to conduct medical examinations, then during the inspection labor inspectorate

, a fine is imposed on the organization and responsible officials or the organization faces suspension of activities. If an employee does not undergo a medical examination on time due to his own fault or refuses to undergo it, he is not allowed to work, and he is not paid for downtime. If the employee does not pass due to the fault of the employer or due to circumstances beyond the control of the parties, then the time of forced downtime is compensated to him in the amount of 2/3 of the average wages(according to Articles 76 and 157 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

To fulfill its obligations to organize medical examinations, the employer enters into an agreement with a medical organization that is licensed to carry out this activity and has the necessary specialists trained in occupational pathology. The employer provides the medical institution with a name list of employees indicating the harmful factors to which each of them is exposed and agrees with the head of the medical institution calendar plan medical examinations and the composition of the medical commission (it must be headed by an occupational pathologist).

Based on the results of the inspection, a conclusion is drawn up, on the basis of which the possibility of admission to work is determined, or given further recommendations for treatment and medical examination. If an occupational disease is suspected, as well as workers injured as a result of accidents, they are sent to occupational pathology centers.

Types of medical examinations

Medical examinations are one of the most important measures to ensure occupational safety and health at work. This measure is designed to ensure the interests of all participants labor relations, state and society, and also aims to prevent occupational diseases.

Depending on the purpose of the event, mandatory medical examinations are divided into two types:

1. Conducted to determine the suitability of workers for certain work and prevention of occupational diseases.
2. Conducted to preserve the health and safety of the population.

Each of these medical examinations may be:

1. Preliminary(carried out before conclusion employment contract). The list of employees who are required to undergo such medical examinations is established by law. The direction for such an inspection is issued by the employer on the organization’s letterhead.
2. Periodic(held in certain deadlines during working life).
3. Extraordinary(carried out at the request of employees in accordance with medical recommendations).

Determination of the degree of exposure to harmful factors: MPC and MPC

The list of harmful factors and professions is not determined at the “arbitrary” discretion of the employer or employee, but is established by the labor legislation of the Russian Federation, where the list of harmful factors is determined and standards are established on the basis of which harmfulness is calculated.

When determining the degree of harmful and dangerous production factors for different professions The values ​​of MPL and MPC are used, the values ​​of which can be found in reference publications of occupational safety standards:

1. MPC, or maximum permissible concentration– a certain safe level of substance content in the working area environment (air, water, soil, snow), at which the health of workers throughout work shift and established production experience is not at risk. At the same time, the negative impact should not be passed on to subsequent generations.
2. Remote control, or maximum permissible level– parameter applied to physical harmful and dangerous PFs. This is the maximum value of the PF, the effect of which at a regulated daily duration for length of service does not cause a decline in performance and the occurrence of diseases both during work and in the future period of life.

Harmful working conditions are characterized by the presence of harmful PFs that exceed established standards and adversely affect the human body or its offspring.

The most dangerous and harmful professions

The issue of occupational safety is given attention both at the state level and at the level of international organizations. Develops standards and recommendations in this area International organization on labor protection (ILO), a number of documents and resolutions were adopted by the UN. Among the important areas are the regulation of hazardous work, the determination of maximum permissible concentrations, maximum permissible concentrations, and the development of a list of harmful and dangerous works and professions. Yes, list harmful professions in 1980 approved in Geneva as a document international importance. Each state can supplement this list at the level of national legislation.

In the Russian Federation, the list is extensive and includes several thousand professions. It is an official document mandatory for execution by all participants in the labor market.

For the first time in our country, the list of hazardous professions was approved in 1956, and then was supplemented by a joint resolution of the Ministry of Health and the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions in 1975:

1. Mining work

Some of the most dangerous and difficult professions are those related to mining. This is primarily the profession of a miner - work related to the extraction of coal, shale, ore, oil, gas, graphite, mica, salt and other ore and non-ore minerals using the underground method. Unfortunately, over the past decades, people in this profession have led the sad statistics of those killed as a result of accidents at work.

The cause is mine accidents, collapses, and blasting operations. Among the constantly affecting harmful factors are dust, noise, poor lighting, excess concentrations of hazardous substances in the air (a common occurrence is methane and carbon monoxide poisoning). In terms of the degree of danger, other types of work that involve full-time employment in underground work are comparable to the miner's profession - such as, for example, the construction of mines, shafts, various underground structures, and the subway.

Mining operations that involve work on the surface are also among the highly hazardous, as is the work of those employed at mining and processing plants, in metallurgical production (blast furnace, steelmaking, ferroalloy, coke production, workshops for the preparation of compositions and repair of metallurgical furnaces, dolomite factories, rolling And pipe production). These categories of workers are identified in Russian legislation in separate lists.

2. Industry and agriculture

Difficult working conditions in the tractor and economic engineering industry, the building materials industry, road construction engineering, the logging industry, in agriculture. People in these professions experience severe physical stress every day and are exposed to many harmful chemical and physical factors (for example, the presence of dust from small particles of silicon oxide, wood shavings or other similar components in the inhaled air increases the risk of lung diseases, silicosis, and respiratory cancer).

3. Plumbers, electricians, pipe layers, mechanical engineers

The culprit is asbestos, which was widely used in construction at the end of the last century. The work of an electrician is also associated with the risk of electrical injury.

4. Firefighter

Firefighter This is certainly one of the most dangerous professions. However, as statistics show, firefighters more often die not from burns or poisoning by combustion products, but from heart attacks and other cardiovascular diseases. The reason for this is the very high level of stress that this job involves. Emotional tension and internal mobilization are observed not only when fighting fire, but when anticipating challenges, exercises, and simply in “peaceful life.”

As research by Harvard University specialists has shown, the constant level of stress hormones in firefighters is several times higher than in people in quiet professions. This leads to the fact that the cardiovascular and nervous systems of firefighters are constantly working “at the limit”, and as a result, there is an increased risk of developing corresponding diseases. The same applies to all other representatives of professions associated with a direct risk to life - military, police, rescuers.

5. Pilot

Pilot– this is a profession that also involves increased emotional stress and difficult working conditions. Among the professional risks for a pilot is an increased likelihood of developing melanoma (skin cancer). This is due to the influence of solar and cosmic radiation, from which the thin atmosphere does not protect at high altitudes. In addition, as recent studies show, constant changes in time zones can lead in the long term to various disruptions in the body’s self-regulation system and hormonal imbalances. This effect is exacerbated by dry, conditioned and filtered air in the aircraft cabin, which causes premature aging, “drying out” of the skin. Flight attendants are exposed to the same risks. Moreover, for the latter, the problem of spinal diseases can be very relevant - due to the high load on it, a fairly high level of vibration and falls during sudden maneuvers of the aircraft.

6. Driver

Driver– this profession is in the top three most dangerous in Russia. The main cause of death and disability is road traffic accidents. According to statistics, accidents with serious consequences occur more often in the work of a driver than in the work of a firefighter or police officer. In addition, due to prolonged sitting and hypothermia, drivers often develop spinal diseases, chronic back pain, and an increased level of stress leads to the development of cardiovascular problems.

7. Dentists, dental hygienists

Dentists, dental hygienists engage in peaceful work that does not involve the same level of risk as many of the above professions. However, the uncomfortable and unhealthy posture in which they find themselves most of the working day often leads to problems with the spine, back pain and joint pain.

8. Pathologists, morgue workers

Pathologists, morgue workers– this is not a job for the faint of heart. But as practice shows, they adapt quite well psychologically to the specifics of their work. The main danger for people in this profession is the colorless substance formalin. Constant contact with it increases the risk of developing leukemia (a form of cancer) several times higher than the average. Recently, the substance was officially included in the list of carcinogens, but it is currently not possible to abandon its use. Formaldehyde is also used in the woodworking industry, paper making, and medical laboratories.

9. Middle managers, kindergarten teachers and primary school teachers

Middle managers, kindergarten teachers and teachers primary school - these are the main victims psychological problems, nervous, endocrine and cardiovascular diseases. Working with people is associated with increased levels of stress and psycho-emotional overload. The paradoxical fact has long been known that it is people in “helping” professions who are most susceptible to emotional burnout and personal deformation, although their work does not carry any visible risk. However, as psychologists note, it is precisely this kind of invisible, but constant stress that turns out to be even more destructive for the nervous system than the acute stress experienced by firefighters, military personnel, and rescuers.

A clear danger that needs to be dealt with is less traumatic for the psyche than constant emotional overstrain, for which there is no specific object for release. As a result, tension accumulated over the years can lead to exhaustion of the nervous system, breakdowns, psychosomatic illnesses or negative personality changes (professional deformations, cynicism, irritability). Therefore, people in “helping” professions and managers should pay important attention to the prevention of emotional burnout, learn ways to resist the effects of chronic stress, and “safe” stress relief.

10. Hairdressers

Hairdressers- This is another seemingly peaceful profession that is associated with exposure to harmful factors. We are talking about constant contact with substances and components that make up hair dyes, varnishes and other cosmetics and household chemicals. Many of these substances are quite harmful and can cause allergies. An ordinary consumer usually does not face risks when using modern cosmetics (hair coloring, etc.), because in this case the body comes into contact with a negligible amount of the substance. Problems may arise only for those with hypersensitive skin.

However, another thing is professional hairdressers who carry out coloring procedures every day and work with the appropriate chemical dyes and components. The risk of developing persistent skin inflammation, occupational dermatitis, increases by an order of magnitude. While representatives of many other professions can protect themselves from direct contact with an allergen, this is almost impossible for a hairdresser. Moreover, gloves are a poor salvation: paint often gets under them, and besides, wearing gloves all day can also lead to allergies and problems with the skin of your hands. It may take several years before occupational dermatitis makes itself felt.

But if this happens, then, since there is no way to protect yourself from the allergen, many have to change their favorite profession - this is the only way to get rid of skin inflammation and maintain health.

Conducting an OSMS. What factors are present in production? Responsibilities of the employer when identifying hazards. What should the employee do? All this will be discussed in this article.

What are harmful production factors?

In the process of life, a person is influenced by the environment, and performing technological tasks is no exception. Working conditions can be both harmful and dangerous:

• danger is a high probability of injury. For example, work on machine equipment with open moving mechanisms, activities with explosive materials and substances;
• - this is contact with substances that adversely affect the body, physical overload, biological effects and psycho-emotional stress. For example, harmful factors include the evaporation of chemicals in the air of the work area or gas contamination, as well as dust, contact with infected material during work, psychological and emotional overload.

As a result of exposure to these factors, loss of health does not occur immediately, as harmful substances gradually accumulate in the body. If the fact of a health condition violation is revealed at the medical examination, then a Occupational Illness based on the result of registration of which the employer is obliged to pay the employee a certain amount by calculation.

Harmful factors are present literally everywhere, even in the air that a person breathes, it is possible that there are substances hazardous to health.

Types of factors

Factors in the production process can be divided into 4 categories.

Based on the type of impact, they can be divided into 4 large groups:

Various factors influence harmfulness.

These, in turn, include: illumination, temperature and humidity conditions, electromagnetic radiation, noise, background radiation, physical overload. When conducting a special assessment, measurements are taken with instruments that have been certified in the prescribed manner.

Experts working with these devices must also have the appropriate permit. Only if these two conditions are met are the results accepted as reliable. Standard indicators the effects of substances on humans are easy to find in SanPiNs, state standards and other documents.

– imply adverse effects on humans of harmful and dangerous physical working conditions, such as noise, vibration, insufficient lighting, changes or exposure to dangerous high or low temperatures, humidity, radiation, etc.

During work, a person is directly affected by harmful chemicals, for example, fumes from welding or gas cutting of metal contractions release ozone, iron, manganese and welding aerosol. They are especially noticeable when working with chemical reagents.

To determine their level of exposure, measurements are taken and laboratory tests are performed. Maximum permissible concentrations are indicated in reference books, and measurements are carried out by an accredited laboratory.

Increased dust content in the air can also be attributed to a chemical harmful factor.

In this case, air measurements are also taken at a certain level.

– are associated with work or potential contact with hazardous substances that pose a threat to life and health if ingested, in contact with the skin, or inhaled (for example, caustic substances, petroleum products, synthetic liquids, dyes, fertilizers, hazardous volatile compounds, products combustion, radiation, etc.)

Morally difficult work is also harmful.

The impact of biological materials on the respiratory system and skin cannot be excluded. This includes infected material that laboratory technicians have to work with when performing tests, cleaners of industrial and domestic premises, as well as plumbers.

No special measurements are made, and the decision to classify it as harmful is made by expert opinion. Here, too, it is necessary to conduct a special assessment of the working conditions.

Psycho-emotional stress

Usually this is the prerogative of managers, but it happens that loads of this kind fall on ordinary performers.

For example, a pilot, while performing his job, is responsible for the lives of other people.

Loads of this kind are not measured by specialized instruments and devices, but are determined in the process of carrying out an OSMS by expert means.

How to determine the degree of exposure to harmful factors on a person

The workplace must pass special assessment, which is what the OSH committee does.

As a result of the work of this commission:

1. The employee is surveyed about what he does while working. For example, how much time does he spend on direct work and how much time does he spend on auxiliary work? That is, the percentage of interaction with harmful factors is revealed;
2. Next, an instrumental assessment of the conditions of the labor process is carried out, that is, all factors affecting it are measured. Afterwards, the indicators are recorded separately or studied using laboratory techniques;
3. Based on the research conducted, it turns out that the maximum permissible concentration of the harmful substance exceeds the standards. On the basis of this, classification is made to the hazard class.

What classes of harmfulness are there?

Four classes of harmfulness.

According to the hygienic assessment of working conditions, several classes of hazards are identified:

• Class 1 working conditions - optimal. Under such circumstances, nothing threatens life and health. A person can calmly work and perform production tasks. The employer does not include him in the list of mandatory medical examinations;
• Class 2 - acceptable. Labor activity is carried out without exposure to harmful and dangerous factors. If physical overload occurs in the body, it is possible to rest to restore the body’s strength. If workplaces are classified in this category, then employees do not pass medical checkup;
• 3rd grade - harmful conditions labor process. We can talk about it in more detail. Harmful factors with maximum permissible concentrations were identified as a result of workplace assessments. There are 4 degrees of harm in total:

1. Class 3.1 - exceeding the maximum permissible norms for indicators affecting health, although changes may be reversible. At the same time, measurements are 1.1 to 3.0 times higher compared to those specified in GOSTs and other acts;
2. Class 3.2 - exceeding the limits can cause permanent disability, as well as the development of diseases. Exceeding the MPC from 3.1 to 60 units;
3. Class 3.3 is when work functions lead to loss of ability to work in the process of performing tasks. The indicators exceed the normative ones from 6.0 - 10 units;
4. Class 3.4 - increases the risk of developing an occupational disease;

• Class 4 - dangerous.

Under such conditions, the development of pathological processes cannot be avoided, and, as a rule, jobs classified in this class are subject to liquidation.

What should the employer do?

Working conditions need to be improved.

After carrying out an occupational safety and health system, excesses of the maximum permissible concentrations of substances adversely affecting the body were discovered, a map for assessing the conditions of the labor process was prepared, then the employer must adhere to the recommendations of this document.

If the maximum permissible concentrations are exceeded, you should:

• take all measures to improve work, namely, to ensure that the influence of harmful factors on a person is as small as possible. For example, if work is carried out on machine equipment and dust forms in the air of the working area, then exhaust ventilation should be installed, which can only be turned on when the machine is turned on at the same time.

The installation of gas analyzers when working on boiler plants is also necessary so that if carbon dioxide levels in the air exceed levels, emergency measures are taken;

• providing workers with personal protective equipment. To confirm that the worker has PPE, the latter should be issued against signature.

It must be remembered that the next issue is made at least after a year, and if the funds are worn out before this period, then after determining their unsuitability. Not all workers want to use these same respirators at work, and, of course, it can be difficult to force them, but measures for other exposures still exist.

For example, in the journal of the first stage of control, the manager must make an entry indicating that such and such an employee does not use PPE at work and invite the latter to sign. If in this case a refusal is received, then there is another option to protect the employer, namely, to draw up a free-form act stating that PPE is not used.

If, after a medical examination, an occupational disease is revealed, it will need to be investigated, and this report will be attached to the case file;

• compensation for harmful working conditions. If the indicators of harmful factors are exceeded, depending on the classification (we are talking about class 3), additional payments are established.

The greater the excess, the greater the amount of additional payments. This is how the employer compensates for work in the event of harmful effects;

• medical examinations. According to the order of the Ministry of Health, medical examinations must be carried out at the frequency specified in this document.

Based on the results of the work of medical commission specialists, diseases of workers, including occupational ones, are identified. The latter are being investigated according to established standards.

To prevent such diseases, the employer should ensure that employees are monitored to ensure compliance with safety measures.

Order on approval of the list of harmful factors

You need to undergo regular medical examinations.

Order No. 302-N, issued in 2012, cancels previous documents for passing medical examinations and contains the following information:

1. List of harmful factors for which medical examinations should be carried out. The first include chemical components, which include aerosols and dust. A list of physical labor factors affecting a person during work, namely electromagnetic and ionizing radiation, working at a computer, exposure to ultraviolet rays, vibration, noise, ultrasound, infrasound, heat radiation, increased and decreased temperatures, light environment, physical overload in during the work shift, sensory loads, psycho-emotional;
2. The frequency of the medical examination is prescribed, but it does not have to be carried out once a year;
3. Which specialists should an employee visit;
4. List of examinations carried out to identify the development of occupational pathology in an employee;
5. The last column indicates contraindications for which the chairman of the commission, an occupational pathologist, cannot allow an employee to perform this type of work activity.

Sometimes doubts and misconceptions arise about when to send workers for a medical examination or not to send them.

This must be done if the MPC of a harmful factor is present or exceeded. To avoid this dilemma, you should adhere to the recommendations set out for the OSH map.

Harmful production factors by profession

The order of the Ministry of Health also contains information according to which it is necessary to send workers for medical examinations by type of work and area of ​​activity. In the same way, it is written down which specialists need to be examined, the frequency of medical examinations, what studies are carried out and what contraindications exist.

These are specific works, for example, work at heights, work with open rotating mechanisms, emergency rescue work, mining, maintenance of electrical installations, felling of timber, for those working with overpressure equipment and others.

From this video you will learn about harmful and dangerous production factors.

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Before hiring or enrolling in studies, a medical examination is required. Order 302N is normative document regulating this issue.

About the document

Passing a medical examination is mandatory, this fact is reflected in labor legislation. The purpose of the event is to identify pathologies associated with future work activity or obtain confirmation of the health status of an employed person.

If an employee works at the enterprise for a long time, then if specialists detect the development of a serious illness, it must be documented Occupational Illness.

Attention! Order 302 N is necessary for specialists involved in examining persons sent for a medical examination.

Document approved:

1. A list or list of harmful factors that affect the body during work.
2. List or list of works related to classified as dangerous, which are performed or will be performed by persons engaged in production.
3. The procedure according to which an event is held in an organization or institution has been established.
4. The order to undergo a medical examination and other documents issued earlier have been cancelled.

Types of medical examinations

Referrals for medical examination by order are divided into preliminary and periodic:

1. Preliminary. A preliminary medical examination is carried out before immediate employment.
2. Periodic. Order 302N dated 12.04. 2011 establishes the frequency of inspections by specialists, that is, when working with hazardous or harmful substances and factors a criterion has been established How often should the examination be carried out?

302n dated 12 04 11, developed by the Ministry of Health and Social Development, clearly states in which cases it is necessary to undergo a commission of specialists, including the following:

• who produces it issuing directions;
• what information is indicated in the direction;
• The procedure for passing specialists and taking tests has been established.

The document for passage is issued by the personnel department or a representative of the labor protection service, in it information is displayed:

• name of the organization and its details;
• what medical institution conducts examinations;
• full surname and initials of the person who is being sent for examination;
• list of factors that have an adverse effect on health.

Signed by the employer or a person appointed by order of the manager.

Important! If an employee or future employee does not pass the medical commission, the manager does not accept him to the enterprise or organization, or removes him from his job function.

Medical examinations

Inspection procedure before employment consists in the following algorithm:

1. After the employer signs an application for employment at the enterprise, the future employee is sent for a medical examination. Directions are issued from the HR department, which clearly states harmful factors or types of work.
2. With a referral, you need to go to the reception desk of the clinic located at your place of residence and additionally present an identification document. Afterwards, you should visit all the specialists indicated in the medical record and health passport, and also submit the biomaterial for analysis. It is possible to conduct further examinations to clarify your health status.

The conclusion of the preliminary examination is handed over to the future employee, and then transferred to the employer.

The purpose of undergoing a pre-employment examination is to confirm the normal state of health for work in the proposed conditions.

About the walkthrough periodic medical examinations:

1. To undergo a medical examination a referral is issued, which indicates harmful factors. This function is carried out by the human resources department or service representative.
2. The event is organized by the employer at the clinic.
3. To undergo a medical examination, a form is given to the employee by the staff of the clinic; it contains a list of specialists who should undergo liver tests and instrumental examinations provided for by the order for medical examinations.
4. If the employee's results are positive allowed to work and if negative, they are suspended from execution labor functions in the manner established by law.

Carrying out periodic inspections is carried out with the frequency determined by order 302 on passing mandatory medical examinations.

Harmful factors and types of work

List of harmful factors:

1. Allergens are substances that cause allergic reactions. These are ammonia, nitrogen, phthalic aldehyde,
2. Carcinogens are substances that cause malignant formations, they are not excreted from the body. These include hydrochloride, fiphenyl, iron pentacarbonite.
3. Chemicals that affect the reproductive functions of the body. These are metals and chemical compounds based on them.
4. Fibrogens are substances that settle in the lungs, promoting the formation rough tissue. These include cement, asbestos, electrocorundum, albor, boron or silicon carbide, diamonds, cokes and others.
5. Mixed substances. FKA are welding aerosols.
6. Physical factors - radiation, vibration, noise, labor stress, thermal radiation, increased or decreased temperature, light environment.
7. Labor process factors - physical overload, sensory load.

List of some types of hazardous work:

1. High-rise.
2. Rescue.
3. Electrical installations.
4. Tree cutting.
5. Labor in conditions Far North.
6. Carrying out work with flammable liquids and flammable liquids.
7. Work in industries with the risk of fires and explosions.
8. Perform operations on mechanical equipment requiring high precision and coordination of movements.
9. Underground.

Full list professions and harmful factors is approved by Order 302-N.

Contraindications

Preliminary and periodic medical examinations, the basis of which is the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and order 302 of 12.04. 2011, contain information on contraindications, both general and specific:

1. Information about common diseases, the presence of which is grounds for failure to pass the specialist commission, is provided in the last section of the document. That is, if any pathological changes are detected in a person, according to the list, the occupational pathologist prescribes a conclusion about professional unsuitability.
2. Specific information (last column) indicates contraindications for this type of work or contact with harmful substances during work. If, based on the results of examinations, a disease is identified that does not allow one to continue working at a given workplace, then the occupational pathologist makes an appropriate note.

Applications

Harmful production factors by profession are set out in Appendix 1.

* Only those substances are indicated, according to measurements of gas or dust content of which an excess was recorded. The determination is made by laboratory tests.

** In addition, for women it is necessary to undergo a gynecologist, for everyone: donation of FLG and blood for general analysis required.

Preliminary and periodic medical examinations for the types of work that are interpreted by the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation. Appendix 2 identical to the first one, the difference is that instead of factors, the column contains a list of jobs and a number of professions.

Regulatory document 302N for medical examination, according to Appendix 2, certain requirements are established to dangerous professions.

Event organisation

A medical examination is a responsible procedure and requires special attention. The employer must fulfill the following actions:

1. In preparation administrative document for a medical examination.
2. Documents are issued directly to employees against signature; at the same time, they are familiarized with the schedule of the event.
3. Based on the results of the event, specialists draw up a special report.
4. The employer is obliged to suspend from performing duties persons who have not passed the examination for the period until the certificate is issued. positive conclusion.

The employee monitoring the event is recommended to first study the regulatory document.

The form for referral for a medical examination is developed by organizations and enterprises. The final act based on the results of the event is transferred to the employer’s representative or the employer himself after its approval, allocated for this no more than 5 working days.

Conducting a medical examination - procedure current legislation. If the manager showed inattention and allowed an employee to work who had not passed a medical examination, then if this factor is identified government agencies, impose penalties.

Important! If an accident occurs with an employee who has not passed a medical examination, then the application of the criminal code is possible.

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To organize timely medical examinations, as well as monitor their progress, it is necessary to secure an administrative document for the responsible employee. This is usually done by OT engineers or HR specialists.

Upon hiring, during employment, as well as extraordinary, depending on the state of health. Such workers, in particular, include workers who work in jobs with harmful or dangerous working conditions. They undergo mandatory medical examinations when applying for a job and periodic medical examinations to determine health status. This is necessary to understand whether the employee can perform his work duties, as well as to timely diagnose the occurrence of occupational diseases.

Harmful and dangerous production factors

Order No. 302n regulates the procedure for conducting inspections and their frequency. However, the list of the harmful and dangerous factors themselves, when working with which it is necessary to undergo examinations, is also approved by this order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia, adopted on April 12, 2011.

Harmful factors according to order No. 302n

It is the employer's responsibility to organize a pre-employment medical examination or routine examination of employees during their working career. Harmful production factors in Order 302n, which make some types of activities harmful and even hazardous to health, are contained in Appendix 1. The list of factors is presented in the form of a table divided into several columns:

• item number;
• a group of substances that are harmful to health;
• frequency of medical examinations;
• specialists who take part in the inspection;
• medical procedures and tests that employees need to undergo;
• additional medical contraindications.

Appendix 2 approves the directory of factors of order 302n by profession. It is also designed as a table with five columns:

• activity, profession for which it is necessary to undergo examination;
• frequency of medical examinations;
• doctors who take part in the examination;
• studies and procedures that need to be completed;
• additional contraindications.

The table of harmful factors by profession in Order 302n is very detailed. Harmful factors are divided into chemical (including allergens, carcinogens, natural asbestos, clay and cement, etc.); biological factors including feed, biological toxins (animal or plant poisons), etc.; physical factors, including various types of radiation, industrial noise, etc., as well as labor process factors, in particular, various overloads.

For each factor, it is prescribed how often and what exactly medical specialists must conduct a medical examination of workers who have to work in hazardous or hazardous conditions in accordance with the listed factors.

The table of Order No. 302n with harmful production factors by profession from Appendix 1 can be downloaded below.