For warehouse management, its layout is very important, which determines the physical placement of storage shelves, loading and unloading areas, and the type of equipment. All this determines the efficiency of the operations performed. For example, if a frequently used product is stored far from the receiving and shipping areas, a lot of time will be spent each time moving it into or removing it from storage.

Rational division of warehouse space into working (warehouse) zones allows for an optimal process of cargo processing in the warehouse with maximum use of available warehouse capacity. The main principle of dividing warehouse space is the allocation of space, taking into account the characteristics of the receipt of goods, the characteristics of warehouse equipment, etc. for consistent implementation logistics operations cargo handling.

IN general view The following main warehouse areas are distinguished: receiving area; main storage area (rack and stack); order picking area; packaging and consolidation area for shipments; loading area (Fig. 6.3). The layout of the warehouse must ensure the smooth movement of goods, regardless of whether they are to be stored or not.

Rice. 6.3. Schematic diagram warehouse

The warehouse has a constant length, width and height, i.e. constant capacity. Efficient use of storage capacity can have an impact on reducing warehousing costs.

The use of warehouse space can be considered in two aspects. One of them is the desire to maximize the use of building height. In most warehouse facilities, the available space is not fully utilized due to incomplete vertical storage, while using horizontal storage space is the easiest and most obvious procedure. Thanks to shelving or other similar devices, it is possible to effectively use the entire volume of the warehouse, right up to the ceiling.

The second aspect of space utilization is to minimize the surface area occupied by walkways, while at the same time eliminating the situation where excessively narrow corridors make it difficult to move around the warehouse facility. There is a need to store individual inventory items at a certain distance from each other in order to ensure easy access to them. The width of the transitions is influenced by the type of material handling equipment used. For example, equipment that is used to move short distances, requires space for reversing and maneuvering.

Warehouses are one of the main elements of logistics

system, its integrated component. They play an important role in the process of movement of goods from manufacturer to consumer. Warehouses have a significant impact on the overall nature of product flow. They determine its links, contribute to the elimination of irrational transportation, increasing the rhythm and organization of production

and transport work, reduction inventory in a retail chain.

Warehouses are buildings, structures and various devices designed for receiving, placing and storing various material assets, preparing them for consumption and release to consumers. The main purpose of warehouses is to concentrate stocks, store them and ensure uninterrupted and rhythmic supply to consumers.

Depending on their place in the logistics system, warehouses perform various functions.

1. Assembling the required range of goods in accordance with consumer orders.

This function is performed at all stages of the movement of material flow, in all functional areas of logistics. In supply and production logistics, this function is aimed at providing the production process with all the necessary material and technical resources. This function is of particular importance in distribution logistics. Trade warehouses carry out

transformation production range to trade (consumer). Trade assortment differs from

production topics, which includes a wide range

goods that differ in size, style, model, shape, color, etc. This means the need to unpack goods coming from various manufacturers, sort them, assemble new batches, pack, package, label, etc.

2. Concentration of stocks, their warehousing and storage.

The implementation of this function makes it possible to equalize the time difference between the production of finished products and their consumption, to ensure a continuous production process and uninterrupted supply to consumers. In supply and distribution logistics, the concentration of inventories,

their warehousing and storage may be caused by the seasonality of supply and demand for goods, the need to accumulate stocks of goods, shipment to areas where there is no production of these goods, as well as the creation state reserves. Performing this function involves carrying out a whole range of work on placing goods into storage

and requires creation certain conditions to ensure the safety of the quality of the goods (temperature conditions, humidity, product proximity, etc.).

3. Unitization of shipments of goods.

This function of warehouses is due to the fact that many consumers order small non-transit consignments of goods, which significantly increases the costs associated with the delivery of such goods. To effectively use vehicles and reduce costs, warehouses unitize (combine) small batches into larger ones intended for several customers at the same time.

4. Rendering logistics services.

The performance of this function is associated with the provision of various logistics services to clients, which provide the company with a high level of customer service. These include: preparing goods for sale (packing products, unpacking, labeling, loading containers), checking the functioning of weighing instruments, freight forwarding services, making products marketable, Preliminary processing goods, etc..

Classification of warehouses.

The objective need for the accumulation and maintenance of reserves exists at all stages of the movement of material flow, starting from the primary source of raw materials and ending with the final consumer. This explains the presence large quantity various types of warehouses.

In relation to the basic functional areas of logistics, warehouses are distinguished: supply logistics, production logistics and distribution logistics.

Warehouses are classified according to the type of product:

Raw materials, semi-finished products and components;

Intermediate production, i.e. warehouses for work in progress;

Finished products;

Residues and waste;

Tools.

Warehouses are classified according to their form of ownership:

Individual use, belonging to one enterprise;

Cooperative, built by several enterprises sharing their warehouse facilities;

Rented warehouses, company's own warehouses, government warehouses

or municipal enterprises..

Let us consider in more detail the classification of warehouses based on the content of the operations performed. Based on this criterion, all warehouses can be divided into the following groups:

Subsorting warehouses;

Distribution warehouses for wholesale and retail;

Seasonal or long-term storage;

Transit and transhipment (circulating) warehouses – for transshipment of goods from one type vehicle another;

Procurement warehouses– for food storage Agriculture;

Customs warehouses where goods subject to customs clearance;

Storage warehouses – for issuing stored goods from a warehouse to certain period and their subsequent return to the warehouse. This could be, for example, machines and equipment that have a high cost and are intended for rental and reuse.

Based on product specialization, warehouses are divided into universal– for storing various food or non-food products in a wide range and specialized– for storing individual product groups.

In addition, there are warehouses highly specialized– for storing one type of product, as well as mixed– for storing food and non-food products.

Warehouses also differ in the degree of mechanization of warehouse operations: non-mechanized, mechanized, partially mechanized, complex mechanized, automated And automatic.

Depending on their size, warehouses can range from small rooms in several square meters to giant warehouses with areas of hundreds of thousands of square meters.

Warehouses also differ in the number of floors of the building, i.e., in the height of cargo stowage. They can be: one-story, high-rise racks, multi-storey and with height difference.

Depending on the design, the following types of warehouses are distinguished:

Open, representing a fenced-off asphalt area, adapted for storing products. Such sites usually store cargo that is not affected by atmospheric conditions (gasoline, kerosene, lubricants);

Semi-enclosed warehouses (sheds) having only a roof or roof and one or two walls. They are designed to store loads that can withstand external temperature air (bicycle and motorcycle products, metal utensils, some Construction Materials, raw materials, coal, etc.);

Closed warehouses used for storing finished products, components, tools, and work-in-progress products. These are the most convenient and most common warehouses, since the goods stored in them are not exposed to atmospheric influences and deterioration. In addition, its material safety is ensured.

Depending on their location, warehouses are divided into railside having access railway tracks for supplying and cleaning wagons, station or port facilities located on the territory of a railway station or port, deep warehouses located away from railway tracks, river piers and sea ports, warehouses with road access..

In relation to the basic functional areas of logistics, there are:

· supply logistics warehouses,

production logistics

· distribution logistics.

Warehouses are classified according to the type of product:

· raw materials, semi-finished products and components;

· intermediate production, i.e. work in progress warehouses;

· finished products;

· residues and waste;

· tools.

Warehouses are classified according to their form of ownership:

· individual use,

· belonging to one enterprise;

· cooperative, built by several enterprises

· sharing their warehouse facilities;

· rented warehouses,

· company's own warehouses

· warehouses of state or municipal enterprises.

The classification of warehouses based on the content of operations performed requires a more detailed consideration. In accordance with this characteristic, all warehouses can be divided into the following groups:

· sorting;

· distribution warehouses for wholesale and retail trade;

· seasonal or long-term storage;

· transit-transshipment (negotiable) - for reloading goods from one type of vehicle to another;

· procurement. Used for storing agricultural products;

· customs. Necessary for temporary storage of goods that are subject to customs clearance;

· storage warehouses. For the release of stored goods from the warehouse for a certain period and their subsequent return to the warehouse. This could be, for example, machines and equipment that have a high cost and are intended for rental and reuse.

Based on product specialization, warehouses are divided into:

· Universal. Used for storing various food or non-food products in a wide range

· Specialized. Needed for storing certain product groups.

· Highly specialized. For storing one type of product

· Mixed. Necessary for storing food and non-food products.

Warehouses should also be distinguished according to the degree of mechanization of warehouse operations:

· non-mechanized

· mechanized,

· partially mechanized,

· complexly mechanized,

· automated

· automatic.

Warehouses are also divided according to the number of floors of the building or, as is customary, divided according to the height of cargo stowage:

· one-story (up to 6 m)

· high-rise (more than 10 m)

· multi-storey

· warehouses with height differences.

Depending on the design, the following types of warehouses are distinguished:

· open, representing a fenced-off asphalt area, adapted for storing products. Such sites usually store cargo that is not affected by atmospheric conditions (gasoline, kerosene, lubricants);

· semi-closed warehouses (sheds) having only a roof or roof and one or two walls. They are designed for storing goods that can withstand external air temperatures (bicycles and motorcycles, metal utensils, some building materials, raw materials, coal, etc.);

· closed, used for storing finished products, components, tools, work-in-progress products. These are the most convenient and most common warehouses, since the goods stored in them are not exposed to atmospheric influences and deterioration. In addition, its material safety is ensured.

Depending on their location, they are divided into warehouses:

· near-rail, with access railway tracks for supplying and cleaning cars;

· station or port, located on the territory of a railway station or port;

· deep, located far from railways, river piers and seaports, warehouses with road access;

As mentioned above, warehouses can range in size from small premises of a few square meters to giant warehouses with areas of hundreds of thousands of square meters.

Warehouses form one of the main subsystems of the logistics system. The logistics system forms organizational and technical and economic requirements for warehouses, sets goals and criteria for the optimal functioning of the warehouse system, and determines the conditions for cargo processing.

In turn, the organization of storage of materials (choice of warehouse locations, method of storing materials, etc.) has a significant impact on distribution costs, the level and movement of inventories in various parts of the logistics chain.

When servicing the incoming flow, work is performed such as: unloading transport, checking the quantity and quality of arriving cargo. Servicing the output stream includes loading vehicles. Internal flow moves inside the warehouse.

Various warehouses, along the path of material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer, perform different functions.

In warehouses finished products manufacturing enterprises carry out:

· warehousing,

· storage,

· sub-sorting or additional processing of products before shipping,

· marking,

· preparation for loading and loading operations.

Warehouses of raw materials and source materials of consumer enterprises carry out many different operations.

Warehouses of wholesale intermediary companies in the sphere of circulation of industrial and technical products:

· provide concentration of goods, replenishment of products, their selection in the required assortment

· organize delivery of goods in small quantities, both to consumer enterprises and to warehouses of other wholesale intermediary companies

· carry out storage of reserve batches.

The variety of types of warehouses in the logistics system, their functions and the tasks facing them, features - all this requires systematization.

The purpose of classification of warehouses is to identify signs of systematization of a warehouse facility as an element of the logistics system that affects the features of the promotion of material flow.

Experts classify warehouses in logistics according to the main characteristics presented in table 1.2.1

Table 1.2.1 - Classification of warehouses

The logistics concept requires an integrated approach to managing the system of distribution channels through which goods are delivered to the enterprise’s warehouse, processed internally and sold to the consumer.

Basic logistics principles are:

* planning - dividing the warehouse into main working areas and determining the sequence of cargo passage through these areas;

* rationality - planning the movement of material flow while reducing the number of operations to the minimum required value;

* systems approach(the passage of goods through the warehouse must be linked to the characteristics of incoming and outgoing flows, taking into account their characteristics);

* efficient use of warehouse capacity - storage of cargo in a warehouse should ensure maximum use of the warehouse area and its height

* optimal level technical equipment - the choice of technical equipment should be dictated by the characteristics of the warehouse itself, the cargo being processed and economic feasibility;

* universalization of equipment - the used lifting and transport equipment (H&T) must perform various technological operations in order to reduce the H&T fleet in the warehouse to a minimum, etc.

The functioning of all components of the logistics process should be considered in connection and interdependence. This approach allows you to clearly coordinate the activities of warehouse services, while serving as the basis for planning and monitoring the progress of cargo in the warehouse with minimal costs. Logistics process in a warehouse can be divided into: operations related to the function of logistics coordination of purchasing and sales. Operations related to cargo processing and related document flow. Coordination of the purchasing service is carried out during the supply operation and through control over the supply chain. The function of logistics coordination is the optimal combination of the intensity of incoming and outgoing cargo flows from the warehouse, focused on customer demand, with maximum use of warehouse capacity and minimal logistics costs. Warehouses of industrial enterprises (buildings, structures, devices intended for receiving and storing various material assets, preparing them for industrial consumption and uninterrupted supply of them to consumers).

Warehouses are classified by experts as follows:

*by nature of activity

* purpose - material (supply) warehouses, intra-production (inter-shop and intra-shop), sales, etc.

* type and nature of stored materials - universal and specialized

* type of building, structure - closed, semi-closed, open, special (for example, bunker structures, tanks)

* location and scale of action - central, district, shop-level, etc.;

* degrees of fire resistance - fireproof, fire-resistant, combustible

Material warehouses include: warehouses through which enterprises receive raw materials, supplies, products, and workpieces necessary for production. These are warehouses for metal, castings, components, a central material warehouse, etc. The peculiarity of these warehouses is that they are not only part of the system warehousing industrial enterprise and interact with the technology of the main production, but also interact with regional warehouse systems. In-production warehouses compensate for uneven production cycles and rhythm of production in various areas and workshops of the enterprise. The peculiarities of these warehouses include relatively short storage periods and reserves; the possibility of arrival and departure of products with short time intervals and even a continuous flow of rhythmic cargo flows, compared to warehouses.

Depending on the type and nature of the stored materials, warehouses can be universal (store various materials) and specialized (store one type of product - metal, etc.).

The most effective technical equipment, technology and organization of work, the final technical and economic indicators of warehouse operation can be achieved by combining them into large warehouse complexes. This is explained by the fact that with large cargo flows and storage volumes in transport and warehouse operations, modern technical means, which reduces the cost of processing.

According to the type of large systems, warehouse facilities can be classified as follows: Based on combinations of various types of transport for the arrival and departure of products, more than 200 types of warehouses are possible.

Warehouse management in a logistics system

The goal of warehouse management is to create an interconnected system, flows and organize its management based on principles. principles of sustainability and adaptability to achieve maximumefficiency of the logistics system as a whole. Logistics objectof warehouse management are flows passing and circulatingculling in the warehouse. There are three main types of flows -ma material, informational and financial .

At least three types of flows are processed in the warehouse -entrance, exit and internal. The presence of an input stream meansthe need to unload transport, check the quantity and qualityquality of the arrived cargo, - checks of shipping documents goods, etc. The output flow necessitates the loading of vehicles, the preparation of shipping and cargo documents cops. Internal flow necessitates movementresearch and cargo handling of inventory items inside warehouse and registration of warehouse documents. In a warehouse, input flows are converted into output flows, i.e., as a result of cargo processing, such parameters of transport batches as their size, composition, number of items of cargo, packaging, parameterindividual cargo warehouse units, reception and delivery times, etc.Characteristics of the input cargo flow of the warehouse system formingare influenced by the specific features of the work of cargorulers or enterprises - manufacturers of products and systems transport delivering goods to warehouses. The parameters of the warehouse's output cargo flow depend on the type and characteristics of consumers supplied through the warehouse, the specifics of the operation of transport delivering goods from the warehouse to consumers, the organization of warehousing and cargo processing. Warehouse management is about maintainingstability of the output parameters of the flows, determined by the conditionsterms of the contract, etc.

To organize a warehouse management system, there isauto automated warehouse management system (ASUS;computerized warehouse management system ), computing-basedmanufacturing equipment and computers. This is a planning and control systemacceptance, placement and issue of products from the warehouse, which consistsit from various functional subsystems (condition controlinventory control, supply control, technological prod- uct managementcargo handling processes, etc.). Warehouse management based on ASUS

30. ABC-analysis

ABC analysis is one of the rationalization methods that can be used in all functional areas of an enterprise. ABC analysis allows you to:

highlight the most significant areas of activity;

direct business activity to areas of increased economic significance and at the same time reduce costs in other areas by eliminating unnecessary functions and types of work;

improve the efficiency of organizational and management decisions thanks to their target orientation.

With a differentiated approach to organizing procurement and managing warehouse inventory, ABC analysis allows you to achieve a significant reduction in costs.

Depending on costs, inventories are divided into three classes: A, B and C.

ABC analysis shows the meaning of each group of materials and helps to draw attention to the main ones.

Class A materials are the few but most important materials that account for the majority of the cash (about 75%) invested in inventory.

Class B materials are considered minor and require less attention than Class A materials. Approximately 20% of the costs associated with the purchase of Class B materials Money.

Class C materials make up a significant part of the range of materials used, but are inexpensive, they account for the smallest portion of investments in inventories - 5%.

To carry out ABC analysis it is necessary (technique ABC -analysis):

set the cost of each item of material (for purchased parts, supplier prices are accepted);

arrange materials in descending order of costs;

summarize data on quantities and costs of materials and plot them on a diagram;

divide materials into groups depending on their specific gravity in total costs.

Since 75% of costs fall on 10-15% of all materials, the most careful control is carried out in relation to this particular group.

32. XYZ analysis

XYZ analysis allows you to classify a company's resources depending on the nature of their consumption and the accuracy of forecasting changes in their needs during a certain time cycle.

Stages: 1. Determination of coefficients of variation for the analyzed resources; 2. Grouping of resources in accordance with the increasing coefficient of variation; 3. Distribution by categories X, Y, Z. 4. Graphical presentation of analysis results. Category X

- resources are characterized by a stable amount of consumption, minor fluctuations in their consumption and high forecast accuracy. The coefficient of variation value ranges from 0 to 10%. Category Y

- resources are characterized by known trends in determining the need for them (for example, seasonal fluctuations) and the average ability to predict them. The value of the coefficient of variation is from 10 to 25%.

The actual value of the coefficient of variation for different groups may differ for the following reasons:

• seasonality of sales,

shortage, etc.

The coefficient of variation is the ratio of the standard deviation to the arithmetic mean of the measured resource values.

Calculated using the formula:

20. Types, classification and purpose of warehouses; the role of warehouses in logistics. Stock

- these are buildings, structures and various devices equipped with special technological equipment to carry out the entire complex of operations for the acceptance, storage, placement and distribution of goods received on them. Main purpose of the warehouse

A warehouse or a set of warehouses together with the service infrastructure forms a storage facility. The main tasks of warehousing at an industrial enterprise are to organize the normal supply of production with appropriate material resources, to ensure their safety and to minimize the costs associated with the implementation of warehouse operations.

Warehouse classification:

Depending on their place in the logistics chain and their role in the distribution process, they are divided into the following groups:

Warehouses of manufacturing enterprises(in the supply sector) specialize in storing raw materials, materials, components and other industrial products and supply primarily manufacturing consumers.

Product consumer warehouses(in production) are designed to ensure continuity of flow technological processes. These warehouses store work-in-progress inventories such as devices, tools, spare parts, etc.

Warehouses sales organizations (in the sphere of distribution) serve to maintain the continuity of the movement of goods from the sphere of production to the sphere of consumption. Their main purpose is to transform the production assortment into a commercial one and to provide uninterrupted supply to various consumers, including the retail network.

Intermediary warehouses(primarily transport) organizations are intended for temporary storage associated with the expedition of material assets.

These include: railway station warehouses; cargo terminals of motor transport, sea and river ports; air transport terminals.

According to their functional purpose, all warehouses are divided into five types: transshipment warehouses

(turnover) of cargo at transport hubs when performing intermodal, combined and other transportation; storage warehouses

ensuring the concentration of necessary materials and their storage for the proper functioning of production; commission warehouses

, intended for the formation of orders in accordance with the specific requirements of clients; storage warehouses

ensuring the safety and protection of stored products; special warehouses

(for example, customs warehouses, warehouses for temporary storage of materials, containers, returnable waste, etc.).

According to their design characteristics, warehouses are divided into:,

closed semi-closed

(having only a roof or a roof and one, two or three walls),.

Depending on the specifics and range of stored materials, warehouses are divided into universal And specialized. Universal warehouses store material resources of a wide range. Specialized warehouses are intended for storing homogeneous materials (for example, a warehouse for cast iron, paints and varnishes, etc.).

Warehouses are also classified according to the degree of mechanization of warehouse operations:

non-mechanized,

mechanized,

automated,

automatic.