Polkhov Maidan painting landscape. Fairytale painting of the Maidan floors

Opening 15.07.2021

Opening

Russian culture is classical ballet, great composers and great literature. This, it seems, is generally accepted and this is how the average person in the street will answer the question of what Russian art is famous for. And he will also remember Repin, Vasnetsov and Shishkin. But even such a short list requires a quick addition: folk art determines Russian culture as significantly as the works of geniuses. Polkhov-Maidan painting is one of the brightest pages of folk art. Read on to learn how it was formed, what it became famous for, and how to gain your own artistic experience in this direction.

History of the appearance and development of Polkhovo-Maidan painting

The village of Polkhovsky Maidan is located in the Nizhny Novgorod region. In a forested area remote from railway connections in the mid-19th century, the local population began to produce turning unpainted wooden utensils. Experts made an interesting observation: crafts, in their opinion, are actively developing near monasteries. And Polkhovsky Maidan is located not far from the famous Diveyevo Monastery.

It must be said that previously monasteries were not centers of purely spiritual life. Serfs ran away from their owners, settled near monasteries and received orders there for wooden utensils. One might say that they found work for themselves (the monastery acted as the customer) and protection in the person of the abbots.

But the history of the emergence of Polkhova-Maidan painting really begins only in the 20th century. In the 1920s, a crisis awaited the fishery. Power passed to the Soviets, master turners were sent to work on collective farms, given huge plots for vegetable gardens, real cordons were set up and, even worse, their handicraft products were not accepted for sale.

Something had to be changed, to adapt to Soviet realities. And individual craftsmen decide to unite into the “Red Dawn” artel. This is how unpainted wooden products finally become picturesque.

At this time, the basic painting techniques are formed. It turns out that the crisis contributed to the development of Polkhov painting. In the 60s of the last century, the artel became the Polkhov-Maidan Toy Factory. Another decade later, the production and artistic association “Polkhov-Maidan Painting” appeared in the regional center of Voznesenskoye.

Today the fishery lives mainly due to the family organization of the production process. Men make turning “linen”, and women paint the blanks. And such works may be more in demand, since monotony and stereotypes are inherent in the work of artisans much less than in factory products.

From this video you will learn how Polkhovsky Maidan lives today.

Motifs and ornaments

The main motifs of the painting are birds, animals, flowers (poppy, rose, chamomile, tulip, rosehip). Subject painting is also found, mostly the masters depict a rural landscape: a river, houses, a mill on the bank and a church. And the red dawn will certainly crown and pacify this landscape.

They recognize the Polkhova-Maidanov painting by the red flowers, large, bright, not yet in bloom. This is not the only plot, but it is more associated with fishing.

Polkhov Maidan – painting and its unique features:

the choice of colors is dominated by the following combination - yellow plus dark blue, green and cold red;
the most common flower of painting is the rose, it appears on products in different variations;
The priority background for the ornament is yellow, the design has a black, clearly defined outline.

Recognizable products of Polkhovo-Maidan creativity are ramming toys: nesting dolls, whistles in the shape of birds, horses, piggy bank mushrooms, apple boxes and balalaikas. The “adult” assortment is represented by traditional Russian tableware - bowls, salt shakers, sugar bowls. Local craftsmen also make painted Easter eggs. Thus, Polkhov patterns actively appear in everyday life and decorate it.

Colors

Bright, elegant, festive - these are the colors on Pokhlov products. They sing of life, its blossoming, the beauty of every day, the very joy of living and contemplating all this. This philosophy is traditional for Russian creativity, it is also a hymn to the people, peasants and artisans.

Joy in them real life there wasn’t much, sometimes they “scooped it up along the bottom.” Hard work, hardships, and hardships spared few people. But even in such conditions, people noticed how the first strawberry glistened in the sun, how an elegant poppy flaunted in the front garden, how colorful birds brought spring. That’s why rich green, cheerful yellow, burning orange, alluring pink and purple colors appear on Polkhov’s turning blanks.

Traditionally, color on products appeared only with the help of aniline dyes. And they were applied to the surface in a certain order: first yellow, which would then be covered with scarlet - this would result in a bright red color. Or yellow, which is covered with blue - and now the leaves become bright green. And the distinctive feature, the completion of the color design, is the black outline of the elements.

Features of matryoshka painting

Tatyana Semenova, Sergey and Natalya Kvach - we owe to these people the wide information that preserves the history of Polkhovo-Maidan painting. Ethnographers studied the path of folk art. They established that in the 20s of the last century, a nesting doll purchased at a fair in Sergiev Posad ended up in Merinovo. This is a village in Nizhny Novgorod. And Merinov’s products were very famous, and they already ended up at fairs, where Polkhova-Maidanov craftsmen also visited.

And so the Merinovites began to plan and paint the nesting dolls, then they picked up the tradition of the master Semenov, and it finally reached the Polkhovsky Maidan. And, of course, local creators decided to distinguish themselves. Trade rules were in effect even then: products had to be made noticeable, different from competitors, and, as a result, more marketable.

Local masters did not establish dogmas and rules. Polkhovsky Maidan came up with the painting intuitively, focusing on the desire to do it beautifully and a little differently than others. The burning device can be considered a revolutionary moment; after learning about the existence of which, the craftsmen decided to make an outline of the drawing. And soon they began to fill this outline with paint - this technique caught on.

Polkhovsky Maidan came up with the painting intuitively, focusing on the desire to do it beautifully and a little differently than others.

Then the artists decided that burning was a troublesome task, and the outlining began to be done with pen and black ink. And this method has become traditional. Today, some artists even use a special marker. The development of the fishery became possible thanks to the advent of aniline dyes. These chemical paints were particularly bright. So, a bright picture with a thin black outline became business card paintings of Polkhovsky Maidan.

Classic image of the Polkhovskaya matryoshka doll

Description of the nesting doll:

slender, elongated in shape;
flat head with a sharp expansion of the neck at the transition to the body;
bright flowers on a sundress;
on the top of the head there is a large flower with three petals;
large dark eyes, long eyelashes, parted to the side.

Customers quickly fell in love with this nesting doll.

Painting technology

Craftswomen spend more time painting matryoshka dolls than men preparing “linen”. The craftswoman selects a workpiece on which paint will be applied.

Painting a nesting doll in stages:

If the workpiece is not sanded and cleaned, these procedures must be performed first.
Next, the workpiece should be covered with a layer of starchy glue, because it is known to hold gouache perfectly.
Then the craftswoman applies the contours of the future design to the matryoshka. As a rule, the face of the toy is painted first. They work on it for a long time, because the body is painted quickly, as if by practice.
The background of the head and body is different, but together the colors should be in harmony.
The craftswoman usually highlights large berries or flowers on the apron.
Peas or curls appear on the doll's scarf, and a flower appears on the top of the head.
The traditional matryoshka had dark curls of curly hair, now such an element is considered optional.
After the matryoshka is completed in color, it awaits the varnishing stage.

In Polkhov-Maidan painting, the matryoshka is a familiar, but not the only popular souvenir. Boards, boxes and crashing toys are still in demand. For those artists and dynasties who are engaged in the craft, the step-by-step plan for painting products may differ slightly from the factory one.

It is worth saying that even independent craftsmen are forced to work quickly, without concentrating on one doll for a long time. Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow customers are in a hurry; it is not profitable for them to buy more skillful, artistically perfect dolls. More time is spent on painting such nesting dolls, which means they cost more. But their payback is lower. Perhaps connoisseurs can afford to purchase finer work, but the average buyer needs a beautiful and affordable souvenir.

Polkhov-Maidan painting, elements of which are inspired by other Russian crafts, is not as famous as, for example, Gzhel and Khokhloma. But lovers folk art, ethnographers love her no less. That’s why the craft is still alive, and bright, colorful wooden products with a magical mood come out from under the brush of 21st century craftsmen. They will decorate your interior, make it more comfortable and add authenticity.

Good luck with your creativity!

In contact with

Tikhomirova Yulia
Lesson summary “Polkhov-Maidan painting”

Abstract directly- educational activities in fine arts preparatory group MDOU "D/c Russian girl".

Subject: strip decoration Polkhov-Maidan painting.

Target: introduce children to painted Polkhov - Maidan.

Program content:

Educational:

Learn to draw elements Polkhov-Maidan painting– a twig with leaves and berries;

Strengthen the ability to paint with gouache paints.

Developmental:

To develop children’s aesthetic perception, the ability to highlight specifics murals: color structure, rhythm and characteristic elements;

Develop children's imagination and visual memory;

Educational:

Cultivate interest in folk decorative and applied arts.

Cultivate accuracy and independence in your work.

Previous work:

Introducing children to Filimonovskaya, Dymkovskaya, Gorodets murals;

Looking at pictures depicting various decorative objects - applied arts;

Reading works fiction about the products of folk craftsmen;

- didactic games: "Continue the pattern", "Trace the pattern" and etc.

Vocabulary work: Polkhov – Maidan.

Material: pictures with images Polkhov– Maidan products; pictures depicting Dymkovo, Filimonov, Gorodets items of decorative and applied art; record player; disc with recordings of melodies; magnetic board; samples of painted barrels; paper silhouette of a barrel; gouache paints (red, black, green, purple); squirrel brushes No. 1 and No. 3; glasses - double sippy cups; stands for brushes; napkins; wet wipes.

Methodical techniques: reading proverbs about masters and skill; looking at illustrations of Dymkovo toys, Filimonov toys, Gorodets products, products Polkhov – Maidan; teacher's story about the history of the origin Polkhov – Maidan painting; examination of the sample; demonstration of drawing with explanation by the teacher; entering into the image of masters; drawing elements finger painting in the air.

The course of direct educational activities.

IN: Guys, listen proverb: “The bird is red in feathers, but the man is clever”. Let us look at the bird. She flew to us from a distant country. What bird? (children describe the bird, the teacher draws the children’s attention to its wings, tail, body) How are they decorated?

Guys, now think and tell me how you understand this proverb?

D: answers.

IN: That's right, a bird is beautiful with its feathers, and a man is famous for what he knows how to do well, what he is a master of.

(the teacher draws the children’s attention to a magnetic board on which illustrations depicting Filimonov, Dymkovo and Gorodets products are placed)

IN: We are already familiar with some types of folk crafts. Who knows what types murals depicted on the products?

D: answers (Filimonovskaya, Dymkovskaya and Gorodetskaya painting) .

IN: Well done boys. What is the difference between Dymkovskaya murals, Filimonovskaya painting and Gorodets painting?

D: answers (Dymkovskaya painting– circles, squares, wavy lines on a white background, Filimonovskaya painting– many colorful stripes, Gorodetskaya painting - roses, baths, buds, leaves).

IN: Well done boys. Today I will introduce you to a new species paintings – Polkhov – Maidanskaya.

(children sit on chairs near a magnetic board where photographs depicting Polkhov-Maidan products) .

The teacher begins his story.

IN: In Russia, in the Nizhny Novgorod region, we have a huge village - Polkhov-Maidan. It is surrounded on all sides by forests. And in these forests there are many trees - lindens. A long time ago, local craftsmen began to make from these trees dishes: spoons, bowls. One day, one master got tired of selling white dishes at a fair. And then someone came up with the idea of decorating dishes with patterns. And so it appeared Polkhov – Maidan painting.

Many years have passed since then. The craftsmen stopped making wooden utensils and began to toys: horses, whistles, piggy bank mushrooms, nesting dolls. And they are called funny toys-crackers. And women and girls - craftswomen - use feathers, brushes and paints to paint them. Large pink-crimson flowers and rosehip buds appear on prickly stems with green leaves, berries, and apples. Cockroach toys are sold at a fair with jokes:

“It doesn’t break, it doesn’t break, and whoever buys it is surprised”.

“The wooden block spun like a top. Wood shavings flow from under your hands, creating toys.”

(the teacher draws attention to the products).

IN: Look what beautiful objects created by masters Polkhov-Maidana. The toys are so brightly painted. Flowers, berries and apples grow here on one branch. This doesn’t happen in real life, but the artists themselves came up with such decorative – magical flowers.

IN: What colors do artists use in their work? Polkhov-Maidana?

D: answers (black, blue, yellow, red, green, purple).

IN: Correct - blue, green, red, purple, yellow, black

IN: The bird brought something to us, let's see? These are yellow stripes. The bird asks us to decorate them painted Polkhov-Maidan, and after finishing our classes she will take them with her to a magical land. Let's look at the branch with berries that we will draw today.

IN: How are the leaves located on the branch?

D: answers (up and down).

IN: What color is the leaf? What shape?

D: answers (green, oval).

IN: What shape is the berry? What colour?

D: answers (round, red, purple).

IN: Now I will show you how to draw a twig with leaves and berries.

I’ll take the thinnest brush, pick up some black paint and paint a twig. To make the branch thin, I draw with the tip. The magic branch bends all the time. It goes up and then goes down. Like this. It turns out like this wavy line. Like this. I rinse the brush and start painting the leaves. I take a thicker brush. I will draw leaves on both sides of the branch. First two large ones, then two small ones, two large ones and two small ones, and so on until the end. I rinse the brush and paint round berries. Let's try to draw a twig, leaves, berries in the air with our finger.

Physical education minute. (Children perform movements in accordance with the text.)

One, two - the flower is sleeping. Three - opened a petal.

Four - we woke up, together we reached out to the sun.

IN: Guys, you want to become masters.

Close your eyes and imagine that you are a master Polkhov – Maidan. 1, 2, turn around yourself. Let's open our eyes, now you are masters and craftswomen.

Now go to the tables, let's create miracles (installation for correct fit).

Independent activities of children. (Quiet classical music plays; while working, I help you master drawing techniques).

IN: Let's finish work. I'm very interested in what you did? And now the young masters take their works and put them on the table in the workshop. (A table decorated with a tablecloth is set up in advance)

IN: Who wants to talk about their work? (the work is displayed on an easel).

IN: What beautiful barrels we made.

IN: And what elements were used in painting stripes?

IN: You and I were masters, and now it’s time for us to turn into ordinary children.

1, 2, 3 – close your eyes and turn around yourself. We open our eyes, now you are children.

IN: Guys, tell me which one? painted did you meet today?

D: Polkhov – Maidanskaya.

Educator: You liked being craftsmen and craftswomen Polkhov-Maidan painting?

D: answers

IN: In conclusion, I would like to say that you did a great job today. I think we will continue to get to know each other painted Polkhov - Maidan. Our bird also thanks you for beautiful drawings and she will take them with her.

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Moscow State University Culture and Arts

Faculty: Folk artistic culture and design

Department: Decorative and applied arts

"Polkhov-Maidan painting"

Teacher:

Shlyakhovaya I.S.

Moscow, 2012

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

Children's toys in Rus' have a very rich history. Every parent, even in the poorest peasant family, tried to give the child some kind of toy. Toys were made from rags - rag folk dolls, from clay, from straw and from wood.

Toys for children were made both by the parents themselves and by special craftsmen. Interestingly, the children of peasants and young kings played with the same toys. By the nineteenth century, the main workshops for making wooden toys in Rus' were located in the North, in the Volga region and in the Moscow region. It was in these areas of our homeland that there was a lot of forest for making toys, as well as an established sales market. By the way, in these same areas, in addition to toys, other wooden products were also produced - spoons, chests, carts, dishes, and so on. Often, toys were carved from a single piece of wood. They depicted various animals, birds and people. Such toys are very useful for young children. The fact is that they were done quite schematically. The craftsmen did not cut out the exact details of the character, which is why the child had the opportunity to complete any image himself. This is how fantasy and imagination developed.

Wooden toys often served as amulets for homes and people.

Almost every village or region had its own style of wooden toy. Since in Rus' toys were made simple without unnecessary details, displaying only the main essence of the object, the style features, as a rule, consisted of different paintings of the toy.

1. The emergence and development of the fishery

Polkhov-Maidansky craft - production of painted turning products in the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, the village of Krutets and the village of Voznesenskoye, Nizhny Novgorod region.

At the end of the 18th century, many peasants adopted the turning trade from the monks of the Sarov Monastery, who produced wooden utensils in their own workshops. In the early 1920s, in Polkhovsky Maidan they began to use “burning out” of turning products.

For the first time, a burning apparatus was brought to the village by a peasant artisan, Polin Pavel Nikitich. Burning, and later dyeing, of turning products was often carried out by hired workers in the owner's workshop. It was then that the characteristic Maidan ornament and landscape composition that have survived to this day took shape. Soon the burning began to be painted with oil paints, and in the mid-1930s. aniline dyes diluted in alcohol. Gradually, the burnt outline of the design is replaced by more economical and easy-to-perform inking.

To this day, the village remembers the legend that in ancient times, in the army of Stepan Razin there was a leader named Alena - a former peasant woman from near Arzamas. The rebellious ancestors of the half-Maidan artisans also fought in her detachment. Near the village of Temnikov, in Mordovia, Alena was captured and, on the orders of Prince Dolgoruky, burned at the stake. And in the place where the peasant chieftain died, a scarlet rose grew and blossomed. So, supposedly, the masters of Polkhovsky Maidan transferred that same rose to their painted toys.

In 1928-1930 an original artistic and decorative system is developed and the main specific techniques of local painting are identified. In 1969, Kazakov Pyotr Ermolaevich and Avdyukov Grigory Alekseevich organized the Red Dawn artel, which later became the production association Polkhovsko-Maidanskaya Painting.

At the same time, the production of similar turned painted objects began in the village of Krutets, located a few kilometers from Polkhovsky Maidan. Using experience, turning forms and painting techniques from their neighbors, Krutets masters make minor changes. For example, their nesting dolls are more rounded in shape, and in the painting of tableware, preference is given to plot motifs.

The peculiarity of the Polkhov-Maidan industry is the proximity of factory and handicraft production. In the village of Voznesenskoye there is an art factory “Polkhovsko-Maidan Painting”, whose artists have passed professional education. Despite this, the fishery continues to exist primarily on the basis of a family organization of production. Men are engaged in the production of turning blanks, and women do painting. The products produced by the association are more souvenir in nature, their painting is more monotonous, and the design is less free than in the works of artisans.

Also, at present, entrepreneur V.V. is actively involved in preserving cultural traditions in the form of the production of painted household items and toys. Yurtov. Having established production and participating in exhibitions, he calls on his fellow countrymen to “remember the old, preserve and increase what remains.” The orientation of the Polkhov-Maidan and Krutets craftsmen to the market required constant updating of forms and techniques for decorating products. Since the early 1980s. Floral painting on a background burnt with a blowtorch is beginning to be widely used. Contemporary events find a lively response in the subjects and themes of the painting. Today, this unique craft continues to develop according to the natural laws of folk art.

2. Subject, color scheme and range of products

Maidan painting toy craft

Modern Polkhov-Maidan painting is unusually bright, spontaneous, and in some ways close to children’s drawings. This is no coincidence: children often do painting school age or women who have been accustomed to this since childhood. Turning products of the masters of this craft - nesting dolls, Easter eggs, mushrooms, salt shakers, cups, coasters - are generously decorated with rich ornamental and plot painting. Among the pictorial motifs, the most common are flowers, birds, animals, rural and urban landscapes.

The rich color scheme of the painting is made up of scarlet, blue and yellow flowers, which when superimposed on each other produce sonorous red, green and violet.

Most of the Maidan decorative items are painted with graphic painting “flowers with guidance” in combination with landscape inserts, popularly called “Dawn” (landscape with dawn in the sky) and “Houses” (landscape with a house). Landscape inserts are most often written on flat lids and walls of cylindrical-shaped products - stands, “cans” (a type of stand), barrels, and large mushroom caps. Despite the limited content of the pictures, there is no limit to the variety of their compositions and the breadth of imagination of the artists. The most interesting of them are on foreground a green meadow and a blue or pink river with white swans, yellow ducks or a boat must be drawn; next to the elegantly painted house there are birch trees with green and blue leaves and apple trees with ripe fruits similar to strawberries; Multi-colored birds flutter under the house, the sun is shining or the crimson sunset is burning. Landscape inserts fit organically into the bright carpet of floral patterns. These are most often decorative branches encircling cylindrical surface products with a lush multi-petaled rose in the center, small rainbow flowers, sprigs of berries and green-blue leaves on the sides.

3. Technique, material, tools

All painting is done along a contour clearly outlined in ink. The outline of the drawing is drawn with a school pen with a steel nib No. 11, 12, 13, which gives a line of different thickness depending on the pressure. To paint the background for painting, large squirrel brushes are used in the industry; for painting, small brushes No. 2-6 with a well-shaped tip, which will allow strokes with smooth edges, are used. The paint is applied in one step; you cannot brush over the same place twice.

When working with aniline dyes - both powders and solutions - it is necessary to protect clothes and hands, as the paint leaves bright colored stains that are difficult to remove.

Half the Maidan craftswomen work sitting on low benches behind low stands, just like in the Khokhloma craft. Aniline dyes used in painting are diluted in hot water at a temperature of 70-80C at the rate of 6-8 g of dye per liter of water. To increase the brightness of the paints, add a few drops of alcohol to the solution. You can paint with more light-resistant dyes of 6-10% concentration, diluted in water at a temperature of 60-80 C: active - bright yellow 53, bright red 5СХ, bright purple , as well as acidic ones - red 2G, green G, bright blue, purple C. Their color corresponds to the traditional color scheme paintings of the craft.

Before painting, the surface of the product is carefully sanded and primed with starch paste so that water-soluble paints do not spread. The paste is applied to the surface using a swab or sponge. The product is primed in three passes: the first time with a more concentrated solution of sour cream density, followed by drying for 15-16 hours, the second and third time with a thinner solution and dry each layer for 4 hours at room temperature.

During the painting process, the product must be held by the pallet, since all fingerprints left on the primed surface will appear under the paint.

The outline of the ornament is applied freely in a proven sequence. There are no templates for painting. In the composition “Houses”, first the outline of the house is drawn, next to it is the trunk and branches of trees, the banks of the river with silhouettes of birds and a boat. Then the craftswoman takes paints, and the river turns blue, its banks are green, the tree is covered with green-blue foliage and yellow-red fruits, and the sun lights up above the house.

There is a certain order in applying aniline paints to the surface to be painted: first on required areas, including those that should be red or green, apply yellow paint, then, covering it with scarlet, you get a bright red color, and laying blue on top of yellow, you get bright green.

In flower painting, first the outline of a large flower is applied - the center of the composition, then the stems and branches of branches slightly inclined towards them with small flowers, buds, leaves and berries. On the lid there is a composition with a rose and a flowering twig curved in a circle.

Painted items are dried for 8-12 hours at room temperature and varnished twice with pentaphthalic varnish PF-231 or PF-283. Add a little solvent to the varnish - for example, purified turpentine will do. The varnish can be applied with a brush or spray gun. After varnishing, the product dries at room temperature in a room where there are no drafts or dust. After the first varnishing, drying lasts 15 hours, after the second - a day.

In the home-based workshops of Polkhovsky Maidan, in addition to the graphic painting “flowers with guidance”, there is a non-contour painting. All the elements here are made with ray-like strokes: converging towards the center - the core applied with a poke, they form a flower similar to a cornflower, and coming from the stem and closing into a circle - an apple. The pinnate leaves are also composed of a series of strokes extending from the stem. The compositions of this painting are very different, sometimes with large gaps in the background and light ornamentation, sometimes with a pattern densely filling the surface.

They paint without contours with aniline and synthetic water-soluble paints. But sometimes, berries and simple flowers made with a poke are additionally applied to the varnish surface with some light oil or nitro paint. This type of painting is called “oil-look” or “nitro-look”.

In addition, there is another way to decorate the surface of products - “variegation”. This is the development of backgrounds and motifs with various textured cuts.

Not all innovations produce positive results; they often lead to an undesirable disruption of the color of the painting and the depersonalization of even fundamentally interesting works.

Conclusion

The Nizhny Novgorod region, according to art historians and ethnographers, is one of the richest in Russia in terms of the variety of folk crafts. The reasons for this are not difficult to name. The nature of the region is not particularly generous for the peasant: the damp, swampy Trans-Volga region has poor soils, and the local climate can hardly be called favorable for farming Agriculture. But also P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky noted: “the forests feed the Volga residents.” Not only fuel, not only construction material- the forest gave the people of Nizhny Novgorod raw materials for applied art, which filled their homes with useful and beautiful objects.

As for Polkhov-Maidan painting and Russian folk painting In general, it is very important to pass on knowledge about it to new generations. This educates children aesthetically and gives them the opportunity to appreciate the importance of their work in preserving the cultural traditions of folk crafts.

Bibliography

1 - “Beautiful - with your own hands” S. Gazaryan, Moscow, ed. "Children's Literature", 1987.

2 - “Russian folk carving and wood painting” by O.V. Kruglov, Moscow, ed. " art", 1983

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