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Soil is one of the main elements of the natural environment, which can adversely affect the health and living conditions of a person as a result of migration of various chemical compounds, biological organisms and their livelihoods. And this influence is carried out indirectly, since, in contrast to water and atmospheric air, direct contact of the person with soil in modern conditions limited, with the exception of the possibility of wound infection.
Soil value:
1. Epidemiological.
It is that in the soil, despite the antagonism of the soil microflora, can continue to be maintained viable and virulent pathogens of many infectious diseases. For example, in the soil, especially in its deep layers, causative agents of abdominal typhoids can survive up to 400 days, a dysenteric wand to 40-57 days. For a long time, up to 20-25 years old, the disputes of pathogenic anaerobic microorganisms (contradicts of the tetanus stick, the pathogen of gas gangrene, botulism and Siberian ulcers) can be maintained.
Infection of a person through contaminated soil can occur in different ways. For example, infection with tetanus and gas gangrea is possible with direct contact of the contaminated soil on mechanically damaged skin during field work.
The pathogens of intestinal infections can be transmitted 2 ways: 1) the human body - soil - groundwater - susceptible organism (abdominal outbreaks, dysentery, due to the use of well water); 2) The patient's body - the soil - food products of plant origin - susceptible organism.
With soil dust, pathogens of a number of infectious diseases (mycobacterium tuberculosis, polyomelitis viruses, etc.), infection with which occurs when inhaling such dust with healthy people.
2. Soil is a medium that determines the circulation of chemicals in the external environment - person. It is the element of the Earth's biosphere that forms chemical composition Consumable food, drinking water and atmospheric air consumed. It affects the body with direct contact or through the environmentally inactive medium.
There are several ways to expose soil on the human body:
Through drinking water. In the soil, chemical compounds with surface runoff are coming from its surface into open reservoirs or migrate to the depth of the soil, penetrating underground horizons (ground and interplaste water). Pollution of water surface and underground water sources used in the water supply of settlements may be due to the accumulation of various compounds in the soil. For example, the appearance of nitrates in groundwater due to excessive use of nitrogen mineral fertilizers or organic soil contamination;
Through food (soil - plant - food - man; soil - plant - animals - food - man). The soil is an element of the biosphere that forms the chemical composition of food consumed by a person, since the substances that fall into it can accumulate in plants, turn on in food chains and thus affect human health;
Through atmospheric air. Chemicals falling into the soil are exposed to evaporation and sublimation, fall into atmospheric air and can accumulate in it to concentrations exceeding the MPC, and reach levels dangerous to humans. First of all, this is due to the change in the composition of the soil air (the accumulation of carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen in it as a result of soil contamination with organic substances), which can lead to intoxication.
An unfavorable mediated influence of the soil on the human body is manifested in the form of diseases.
The composition of the soil may be due to natural processes occurring in the earth's crust or technogenic influence on it. There are territories, the composition of the soil in which is characterized by an increased or reduced content of trace elements and a violation of their optimal relationship among themselves. Such regions are called biogeochemical provinces (natural and artificial).
Natural biogeochemical provinces - These are areas characterized by an anomalous level of content and the ratio of trace elements, which is due to natural processes occurring in the earth's crust. This leads to a corresponding change in the chemical composition of water and food grown in this area. The population residing in such regions develop endemic diseases.
The low level of iodine in the soil leads to a low content of it in plants, and then in the meat of animals, as well as in water. As a result, the food diet of the population is deficient by iodine, which causes the occurrence of endemic goiter. This disease is associated with the development of endemic cretinism, deafness and mental retardation.
Endemic diseases include the level of the disease. This deforming osteoarthritis, which begins at the age of 8-20 years, proceeds chronically without the characteristic changes in the internal organs. Increased content in the soil and plants strontium and low calcium content with a smaller barium deficiency, phosphorus, copper, iodine and cobalt were revealed. Also described microelement caused by the lack of selenium (Kezhan's disease), caries, fluorosis.
Artificial (technogenic) provinces - These are territories that are characterized by an abnormal content and the ratio of macro and trace elements in connection with economic activities man. Their appearance is associated with the use of pesticides, mineral fertilizers, plant growth stimulants, in the soil of industrial emissions, wastewater.
The population, living in these provinces, is constantly subjected to adverse influence of exogenous chemicals, therefore in these territories there is an increase in the incidence of congenital uglies and developmental abnormalities, violations of physical and mental development.
3. The soil is a natural waste disposal medium, since it is characterized by self-cleaning process. The soil is the element of the biosphere, in which the detoxification of exogenous organic and inorganic substances entering it.
Sources of soil pollution are divided into chemical (inorganic and organic) and biological (viruses, bacteria, simplest, helminth eggs, etc.).
Chemicals are divided into the following groups:
1. Chemicals introduced into the soil systematically, purposefully (agrochemicals - pesticides, mineral fertilizers, soil structers, plant growth stimulants). The agrochemicals are necessary to improve the agricultural properties of the soil, increase its fertility and protect cultural plants from pests. Only in the case of excessive introduction of these drugs, they become soil pollutants;
2. Chemicals falling into the soil randomly, with technogenic liquid, solid and gaseous waste (substances falling into the soil along with household and industrial wastewater, atmospheric emissions of industrial enterprises, exhaust gas vehicles). These compounds can have toxic, allergenic, mutagenic, embryotropic and other impact.
Self-cleaning ability of soil
The self-cleaning capacity of the soil is due to mechanical, physicochemical, biochemical and biological processes occurring in the soil. The process of disposal of organic substances is very complex and is carried out mainly by the natural soil microflora, represented mainly by saprophilic microorganisms. Since microorganisms do not have special digestive organs, all the substances necessary for the life fall into a cage by osmotic suction through the smallest pores of the shell. These pores are so small that complex molecules (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) are not penetrating through them. In the process of evolution, the microorganisms developed the ability to allocate hydrolytic enzymes to the environment, which prepare the complex substances contained in it to absorb the microbial cell. All the enzymes of microorganisms according to the nature of the action are divided into two groups: exoferminers acting outside the cell, and endoenses acting inside the cell. Exofers are involved in the preparation of nutrients to assimilate their cell. Endoenimers contribute to the absorption of food.
The process of self-cleaning takes place in two directions:
1. Mineralization.
Mineralization can occur in aerobic conditions with sufficient oxygen access and anaerobic conditions.
In aerobic conditions, an organic substrate is decomposed to carbon dioxide, water, nitrates, phosphates. The polysaccharides that fell into the soil turn into monosaccharides, which then partially go to the synthesis of glycogen various microbial cells, and most of the carbon dioxide. Fats are split to fatty acids with energy release. Split protein occurs before amino acids. Most of the amino acids are used as plastic material for biosynthesis by microorganisms. The other part is subjected to deamination with the formation of ammonia, water and carbon dioxide. Nitrogen-containing organic substances fall into the soil not only in the form of protein, but also amino acids and protein metabolism products (urea). They are subjected to the nitrification process - urea under the influence of urobacteria and their enzyme urease hydrolyzed and forms ammonium carbonate, which is then converted to nitrogenous compounds (nitrites) by bacteria from the genus BAC. Nitrosomonos, and then to nitrogen compounds (nitrates) BAC bacteria. Nitrobakter. Nitrates are the final product of the decay of protein substances and in this form they serve to supply plants. In the same case, hydrogen sulfide is converted in sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid salts (sulfates), carbon dioxide into carbon dioxide salts (carbonates), phosphorus in phosphoric acid (phosphates).
In anaerobic conditions, the decomposition of carbohydrates and fats occurs to hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and other gases.
2. Humification is a complex biochemical anaerobic process of transformation of a dead organic substrate into a complex organic complex having a large agrotechnical and hygienic value.
From an agrotechnical point of view, humus determines soil fertility. Gumus is obtained as a result of the life of microorganisms and is a rich organic matter mass of complex chemical composition (Gumin, lignin, carbohydrates, fats, proteins). Humification occurs in natural conditions in the soil and when neutralizing garbages in composhes. At a certain stage of decay of organic matter, humus becomes stable, slowly decomposes, gradually giving the nutrients with plants. Although there are many organic organic in humus, it is not able to heat, does not smell, does not attract flies. In the process of humification, many pathogenic microorganisms die, although the pathogens of some infectious diseases (spores of the Bacill of Siberian ulcers) retain viability for a long time.
The soil is the surface layer of the earth's crust, which is a complex of mineral and organic particles with a huge number of microbes. The type of terrain, the chemical composition of plant and animal origin depends on the type of soil, its chemical composition. The depth of the location and the composition of groundwater depend on the physico-chemical properties of the soil and underlying rocks. The soil type affects the climate of the terrain, the land relief is taken into account when planning settlements, the fatal ability to self-cleaning is used to neutralize liquid and solid garbage.
Soil differ in physical properties (particle size, porosity, humidity, air permeability), chemical composition (mineral compounds and organic substances) and microflora. Depending on the composition and sizes of particles, clay, thin, samp and sandy soil distinguish.
A variety of soil microflora: bacteria, fungi, filtering viruses ,. Most of the soil microbes are (see). The number of microorganisms and their species composition are determined by the physicochemical properties of soil, humidity and breathability. Thus, in the upper soil layers, favorable conditions are created for the development of aerobic microbes (see aerobes), and in deeper layers, where the oxygen content is less, anaerobic microorganisms prevail (see anaeroba). Pathogenic microbes fall into the soil with feces of man and animals, with sputum, saliva and other discharges, with corpses of people and animals who died from infectious diseases. Most pathogenic microorganisms survives in the soil from several hours to several months (the bacteria of the dysentery of the flexner survive in different soils from 25 to 100 or more days, the bacteria of the typhoparathose group - up to 400 days). Long retain the viability of sporing-forming bacteria - pathogens, botulism ,. Gelming eggs fall into the soil, some of them retain viability in the soil for several years.
The person's infection can occur with direct contact with the soil, through the vegetables grown on the soil and not washed before use, through products contaminated with flies (see). A serious danger represents the hitting of pathogenic bacteria and soil viruses to the sources of water supply - rivers, reservoirs, soil and artesian waters. Pollution of water sources is possible when slamming in the pond and melting water, while leakage through the soil of contamination from absorbing wells, cesspools, wrappers that are not equipped with waterproof receivers for solid and liquid garbage.
Physico-chemical properties and soil microflora have important For its self-cleaning, that is, the processing of organic substances that fall into the soil as a result of the vital activity of living organisms, and also entered with industrial and household waste and garbage. The process of the conversion of organic substances in the soil flows constantly and consists in decaying on simpler substances and the formation of mineral salts, and then in the subsequent synthesis of complex chemical compounds - humus substances (humus), playing a large role in soil fertility. At the same time, the number of microbes decreases in the soil, the eggs of helminths die and toxic compounds are destroyed. The ability of the soil to self-cleaning is not limitless and with excessive contamination of the soil no longer processing and neutralizing waste and waste into it. An adverse effect on self-cleaning of the soil is toxic substances that can fall into the soil with industrial waste and when using pesticides (see).
Sanitary protection of the soil from pollution with solid and liquid garbage occupies a large place in the system of measures for the prevention of infectious diseases and the spread of helminths.
Special importance for sanitary protection of the soil has in rural settlements, where relatively little developed various systems Cleaning. Among the priority measures for sanitary protection of the soil under these conditions should be: regular removal of liquid and solid garbage and proper neutralization of them - solid garbage disputes are neutralized by composting (see), liquid - in the fields of assessing and spanning (see the associate); The device of waterproof rags in the bathrooms of residential and public buildings and wrappers; device of local sewage for public building, children's and medical and preventive institutions; collection and composting of manure; Fighting flies. The state of the soil is carried out using gelminthological, bacteriological and chemical research methods.
The soil is the top layer of the earth's crust (lithosphere), which has undergone climate, plant cover, living beings (microbes, worms, insects, etc.).
A huge role in the formation of the soil and the change of its composition belongs to a person. A lot is entered into the soil of various chemicals: fertilizers, pesticides, waste industrial and construction activities.
In soil of settlements, large changes also occur, especially in old and large cities, where the natural soil characteristic of the surrounding area is completely replaced by artificial: bulk sad, displaced soil. As a result, the properties and composition of the soil settlements are changed, the level of groundwater is reduced, the soil biocenosis changes, inorganic, and often toxic substances are accumulated, pathogenic microbes, viruses, helminths fall in the soil. As a result, biological processes are slowed down in the soil; On such a modified soil, green plantings cannot grow.
The quality of groundwater and open reservoirs depends on the purity of the soil and its composition. In the soil, pathogenic microbes, viruses, geohelminth eggs are preserved in the soil. The soil may contain toxic substances falling into it with waste and emissions of industry, eradicates used in agriculture. Radioactive waste entering the soil determine the level of natural radioactive background.
The positive value of the properties of self-cleaning of the soil: the decay and synthesis of organic substances, including garbage, as a result of the vital activity of ammonifies, nitrifying, humatic bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes. As a result, the cycle of substances in the soil occurs harmless to humans and very useful organic substances (humus) and mineral salts.
Sanitary protection of the soil is an important section of the activities of sanitary surveillance. The hygienic criterion of the sanitary condition of the soil is the detection of substances and organisms in it, which can bring harm to health, human well-being or worsening the conditions of his life (through food, water, air, construction Materials). Sanitary supervision over the state of the soil is carried out using gelminthological, bacteriological, chemical and radiological research methods. To assess the results of the study, the following indicators may be recommended (see table).
The causative agents of infectious diseases - they are divided into 2 groups:
1. Constantly living in the soil. These include pathogens of gas gangrene, Siberian ulcers, tetanus, botulism, actinomyosis (their vitality - up to 25 years)
1. Temporarily located in the soil microorganisms are the pathogens of intestinal infection, pathogens of typhoid-vapor diseases, dysenteric bacteria, cholera vibrion; Tuberculosis pathogens and tularemia causative agents can be in the soil and constantly and temporarily. Pathogenic viruses can also be contained in the soil, there is a polio virus, the Esno virus, and the coking virus.
The bulk of microorganisms die, falling into the soil, but individual microbes can be saved enough in it. The typhoid wand is preserved in the soil of more than 13 months, diphtheria chopstick from 1.5 to 5 weeks, etc. The survival rate of microorganisms depends on the type of soil, humidity, temperature, the presence of a biological substrate, on which they develop, the presence of antagonism.
The pathogen of Siberian ulcers remains the longest in the soil. In the soil, gelminths can contain, distinguish between geo and biohylmintes. For biohylmintes, the soil is a transmission factor, but they do not develop there. The biohylms include ascarides, mastresses, vlashanv, Ankilosters ..
The role of the soil in the spread of ascarideosis and tricocephalosis is especially great. The soil geohelminth creates favorable conditions for the ripening of eggs to the invasive stage.
In the soil, heavily contaminated with organic substances, causative agents can continue to maintain viability. In particular, the bacteria of dysentery survive in the soil up to 100 days, polio viruses - up to 150 days, the bacteria of the typhoid-paratyphous group - up to 400 days, Asskarid's eggs - up to the year, disputes of Siberian ulcers - dozens of years.
About the degree of pollution of the soil can be judged under sanitary number which is calculated as the ratio of nitrogen of humus to the total organic nitrogen of the soil. In self-cleaning of the soil and mineralization of organic substances, the amount of nitrogen of humus increases and, therefore, the sanitary number increases, approaching one.
The soil contaminated with organic substances contributes to the development of rodents, which are carriers of particularly dangerous infections: rabies, plague, tularemia. Contaminary soil is a favorable place for the development of flies (the deadlines for the development of them - 4-7 days). The soil is a natural receiver of all the gaming of human life. The prevention of diseases transmitted through the soil is the sanitary protection of the soil of populated areas, sanitary activities on the right organization of collecting and removing uncleanness and garbage.
1. Methemoglobinemia man development can be in the soil:
a) potash fertilizers
b) phosphoric fertilizers
c) nitrogen fertilizers
d) pesticides
2. The way to wound a human polluted soil may cause development:
a) cholera
b) Salmanareseza
c) gas gangrene
d) tetanus
3. Powers of the sanitary condition of the soil are:
a) sanitary number
b) Kohl Titre
c) titer anaerobov
d) Number of Helmint Eggs in the Gram of Soil
e) the number of rainworms per square meter of soil
4. In the soil, the following pathogens cannot maintain viability:
a) bac.anthracis
c) Cl.perfringens
d) Cl.botulinum
5. "Healthy soil" should be:
a) coarse, wet, with high porosity
b) coarse, dry, low porosity
c) fine-grained, dry, low porosity
d) fine-grained, wet, with high porosity
6.First has a big impact on:
a) terrain microclimate
b) microrelief terrain
c) construction and improvement of settlements
d) vegetation development
7. Examine the pathogens of intestinal diseases from the soil takes:
a) through food products
b) through damaged skin
c) with water from underground sources
d) of surface waters
8. To make the corresponding indicators of standards characteristic of pure soil:
9. Transmission reference, which infectious diseases are soil:
a) tuberculosis
c) abdominal tit
d) Diesenteria
d) Diphtheria
e) Siberian ulcer
10. The extensive content of nitrates in the soil at a low number of chlorides testifies:
a) about the long pollution of the soil
b) about the recent soil pollution
c) about constant soil pollution
d) about periodic soil pollution
11. Include logically correct endings of statements:
12. Do not select the corresponding features:
13. Do not make true conclusions:
14. Pick up correct conclusions:
Standards of responses to test control on the topic:
Soil, its physical and chemical properties,
Hygienic and environmental significance
- A B C D
- A B C D
- B, B, g
- A, B, G
- A, B, G
- 1-B, 2-A, 3-B
- 1-B, 2-A, 3-B
- 1-b, g, d, w 2-a, b
- 1-g, 2-b, 3-A
- 1-b, 2-g, 3-A
Topic: 2.2. Water, its physical and chemical properties, hygienic and environmental significance.
Plan.
1. General About the hydrosphere. Hydrosphere, hydrosphere structure.
2. Epidemiological value of water.
3. Chemical composition of water.
4. Sources of water supply.
5. self-cleaning in the hydrosphere.
Water is the precious gift of nature. This is one of the most essential natural components of a large biological cycle, on which the whole environmental system is based. Water occupies a particular position among the natural riches of the Earth - it is indispensable. The reserves of metals run out - it may be possible to do with plastics; Write plant and animal proteins - learn to obtain synthetic. Even instead of ordinary air, in some cases an artificial mixture of gases is suitable. Water will be needed in all centuries and everywhere where the earth's forms of life exist.
Most natural resources The planets, unfortunately, is not restored. This applies, for example, to oil, coal, color and precious metals, etc. The water resources have a wonderful feature-ability to resume a circulation in the system "Ocean-Earth-Ocean" system. In nature, a giant mechanism works "returning Fresh water flowing from continents to the oceans and the sea back to land. This mechanism "launched" to work hundreds of millions of years ago the energy of the Sun.
From biology, we know that life originated in the aquatic environment. For many species of animals and plants, water continues to remain habitat. In the process of evolution, the lives of many living beings
moved to land. Despite this, even at the most highly organized mammal person, fertilization occurs in a liquid medium, the embryo all the time of its development is surrounded by an inceptive waters.
It is customary to divide the water on intracellular, its in the body is 72%, and extracellular - 28%. Extracellular water is placed inside the vascular bed, it is part of the blood, lymph, spinomiosa fluid, it fills the intercellular space.
All processes in the body, chemical, physico-chemical, etc. are carried out in an aquatic environment. The water in the body serves as a solvent of food and metabolism, water tolerates substances dissolved in it, water weakens the friction between the contacting surfaces in the human body, water is involved in the thermoregulation of the body due to evaporation, water is important in the excretory function of the body.
Water enters the body through the digestive path in the form of a liquid or water contained in dense food products. A minor part of the water is formed in the very organism in the process of metabolism.
With an excess of water in the body, water poisoning is observed. With a lack of water in the body, metabolism is violated. The human body is not capable of performing significant dehydration. Loss 1-1, 5l, water already causes the need to restore the water balance, the signal of what is a feeling of thirst. If water losses are not restored, then as a result of violation of physiological processes, health is reduced, and high temperatures The thermoregulation is disturbed and the body overheating is possible. Loss of water in the amount of 15-20% body weight can lead to death.
No food, but if there is water, a person can live to 2 months or more. But in the absence of water, he will live only a few days. The fact is that as a result of life in the body, excists are constantly formed, or as they are now fashionable to call "slags" that poison the body .. these substances are distinguished only by the body, urine, then, by evaporation with software. lungs. If the excretions are not distinguished, then the body poisoning will come with their own decay products, which ultimately lead to death.
The balance of water in the body consists of its consumption and selection.
With a normal physiological condition, the human body allocates about 0.5 liters per day. At then, the same amount evaporates from the surface of the lungs, with breathing slightly less - 0.4 l is released with urine. And from this it follows that there must be as much water to enter the body, that is, about z l.
The physiological need for water of one person for 70 years of life is 5th. minimum. With the increasing population in the globe, the need for people in water increases sharply. In a modern city, only 300-500 liters are required daily. Water per person.
2. The epidemiological value of water is due to the fact that it can appear one of important paths spreading many infectious diseases. Water is transmitted to cholera, abdominal typhoid, paratyphic, bacterial and amoebic dysentery, infectious enteritis, inf. Hepatitis and other diseases, as caused by enterovirus. The causative agents of these diseases infect water when the discharge of patients and fixes in it gets into it. The reason for water infection can also be massive swimming, shipping with discharge of uncleanness in the reservoir, leakage into groundwater fluids from cesspools, etc.
The causative agents of abdominal and dysentery are preserved for 2-12 days, and in frozen water can be maintained throughout the winter. An even longer duration of the survival of cholera vibions. It is believed that they not only retain viability up to 5 or more months, but also multiply, not only in river, but also in tap water.
The third condition - the pathogens of infectious diseases should get from drinking water in the human body. This condition maybe
implemented with violation of technology on water intakes or with improper operation of the plumbing network.
An indirect indicator of bacterial pollution is an intestinal wand. This microbe is a permanent inhabitant of a human intestine. In external environment stands out with the feces. Consequently, the tank. Points (by-titer, the norm 300, and the Kolya index 3 and less), this is nothing more than the permissible rate of fecal pollution of water.
3. Schimic composition of water
In nature, water is never found in the form of a chemically pure connection. Possessing the properties of the universal solvent, it constantly carries large quantity The various elements and compounds whose composition is determined by the conditions of water formation, aquifer composition.
Waters with a large content of the villages have a salty or bitter taste. Chlorides give water a salty taste, and bitter sulphates. Water p. Increased mineralization affects the secretory activity of the stomach, disrupts the water-salt equilibrium, as a result of which the metabolism in the body (the mineralization limit is 1000 mg / l).
The presence of calcium and magnesium salts causes water rigidity. With increasing water rigidity, culinary processing of products deteriorates, soap and detergents are poorly dissolved, hard water is capable of clogging, skin pores that leads to premature fading, rigid water contributes to the formation of scale in teapots, etc. Accident of water rigidity in the development of urolithiasis. Currently, the so-called stone zones of the territory are distinguished by the urban diseases, on which urolithiasis can be considered an endemic disease. There is evidence that water with a low content of hardness salts contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. The results of studies indicate that each element contained in drinking water has physiological development in itself, but in combination with others.
The impact on the body of fluorine and iodine elements is most studied, these chemical elements are washed out by water from the soil. They are able to cause endemic diseases. The disadvantage of iodine causes endemic goiter, lack fluorine -caris of teeth, excess fluorine - fluorosis. Detailed action of these elements is considered in the head "Soil"
Nitrogen-containing chemicals can be in water .. The presence of ammonium nitrogen and nitrites says that protein residues, animal corpses, urine, feces occur in water. Nitrates are the final product of oxidation of ammonium villages. The presence of nitrates in the water in the absence of ammonium salts and nitrites indicates a more comparative to enter nitrogen-containing substances into the water, which; Already managed to mineralize ..
Enrichment of water bound by nitrogen, nitrates, leads to an excessive increase in algae. Wells begin to "bloom" due to the rapid development of blue-green algae. An increase in nitrates in open water bodies also leads to an excessive increase in algae. Filming, they are exposed to anaerobic bacterial decomposition. This leads to a deficiency of oxygen and death of fish and other aquatic animals. This phenomenon is widely observed in the rivers of our country. Nutrates themselves, as you know, do not contribute to the formation of methamoglobin. Their harmful effects are manifested when, under the action of intestinal microflora, they are restored to nitrites. Suction of nitrite leads to an increase in the content of methemoglobin in the blood.
In recent years, the attention of ecologists attract nitrosamins of substances formed in the interaction of nitrates with aliphatic and aromatic amines. These compounds are widely used in industry. Nitrosomines are very active carcinogens. The diversity of possible ways of receipt of nitrosamines into the water of the sources of hostname-drinking water supply, good solubility, give drinking water the value of one of the main ways of receipt of nitrosamines into the human body.
Most often, nature is our natural leakage. The use, in particular, the influence of meteorological conditions underlies climato therapy. Here, besides all, well-known major friends of our health - the sun, air and water, an important role belongs to other factors - mineral waters, healing muds, etc.
The main thing in the medical action of mineral waters is the presence in their composition of minerals. Wide applications They are found in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the treatment of the gallbladder, the pancreas, etc. carbon dioxide is given, for example, a good effect for diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory system. The hydrogen sulfide baths improve the work of the nervous, cardiovascular systems, have a beneficial effect on the flow of metabolic processes.
In our country, some mineral waters, therapeutic dirt are unique in nature.
However, when using the gifts of nature to improve health, it is absolutely necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of a person, its age, the nature of the ailment.
Our planet is richly equipped with water. Earth's hydrosphere contains approximately 1.5 billion km 3, but more than 96% of them are salted water of the seas and oceans covering almost 7% all the surface of the earth.
Less 3% all reserves. The water make up fresh water. Moreover, its main stocks are underground and glacial. Scientists calculated that from the huge stocks of water on earth only 1% is suitable for drinking, with 1/5 of these waters focused in Baikal.
The prospect of seawater desalination seems to be tempting, the amount of which is almost unlimited, but great energy is required for its desalination. The whiter is polluted by the environment, the harder it is to satisfy the needs of the population in water. While the reservoirs are increasingly polluted and the water loses its biological value, the population of the world increases in large pace. There is a serious contradiction that must be resolved.
4. Sources of water supply.
Sources of centralized water supply are superficial water (their share is 68%) and groundwater (32%).
Atmospheric waters (snow, rainwater) for economic and drinking water supply are used only in low-water areas, plagne and in the south. This water is weakly mineralized, very soft, contains little organic substances and free from pathogenic microorganisms.
Groundwater, located underground, form, depending on the occurrence of several aquifers.
Atmospheric precipitation, filtered through the pores of the waterproof rocks and accumulating over the first from the surface with waterproof reservoir (clay, granite, waterproof limestone), form the first aquifer, which is called groundwater.The depth of the ground-based B & C depending on the local conditions varies from ]%^ 2 up to several tens of meters. When filtering, water is released from suspended particles and microorganisms and is enriched with mineral salts.
Groundwater is transparent, have low chromaticity. The amount of dissolved salts is small, but increases with an increase in the depth of the occurrence. With fine breeds (starting from a depth of 5-6 m), water almost does not contain microorganisms.
Groundwater, thanks to their availability are widely used in rural areas by means of wells.
It should be noted that the first aquifer is easily contaminated with both pathogenic microorganisms and toxic chemicals under household or technogenic soil pollution.
Groundwater can penetrate into the area between two layers of rock - a waterproof lies and a waterproof roof. Such water is called between the reservoir.Depending on the local conditions, inter-plastic waters can form a second, third, fourth aquifer. Water at these levels can fill out all the space and, if you drown the roof, rises to the surface of the Earth, and sometimes even poured a fountain. Such water is called artesian.
Interplastic waters have a stable mineral composition, their temperature ranges in the range of 5-12 ° C. However, there are groundwater with excess salts: very rigid, salty, bitter-salted, rich in fluorine, iron, hydrogen sulfide or radioactive substances.
Due to the fact that inter-plastic waters pass a long way Under the ground, and on top are covered with one or more waterproof layers that protect them from contamination from the soil surface, they are free from bacteria and, as a rule, can be used for drinking water supply without being disinfected. Thanks to the constant and large flow rate (from 1 to 20 m 3 / h and more), as well as good quality Interplastic waters represent the best source of water supply for plumbings of small and medium power.
Underground water can independently go to the ground surface. It - spring.Rodniki can be formed both soil and interpass-top waters. The quality of spring water in most cases is good and depends on the aquifer, which feeds the spring. With the right capping - the conclusion of water in the pipes in order to prevent pollution and well-organized water treatment platform - this water can be used for drinking purposes.
Open reservoirs are lakes, rivers, streams, canals and reservoirs. All open reservoirs are subject to contamination by atmospheric precipitation, tale and rainwater flowing from the surface of the Earth. Particularities of the reservoir adjacent to settlements and places of descent and industrial wastewater. To eliminate epidemiological hazards, the water of all open reservoirs needs a thorough check.
Organoleptic properties and the chemical composition of water of open reservoirs depend on a variety of conditions. Clay breeds cause high turbidity, and open water bodies in wetlands are characterized by high chromaticity.
Surface water, as a rule, soft and weak and mineralized. They are characterized by changing water quality, depending on the season (melting of snow, storm rains). If necessary, use the open reservoir for centralized water, preference is given to large and flowing water bodies, sufficiently protected from pollution by wastewater.
1. Self-cleaning in the hydrosphere.
Each reservoir is a complex living system where plants live, specific organisms, including microorganisms that constantly multiply and die out, which ensures self-cleaning of water bodies.Factors of self-cleaning of water bodies are numerous and diverse. Conditionally, they can be divided into three groups: physical, chemical and biological.
Physical factors- It is dilution, dissolution and mixing of incoming contaminants, deposition in water of insoluble precipitation, including microorganisms. A decrease in water temperature restrains the self-cleaning process, and ultraviolet radiation and an increase in water temperature speeds up this process.
Of chemical factorsself-cleaning should be noted the oxidation of organic and inorganic substances. Often, the assessment of the self-cleaning of the reservoir is given by the biochemical need of oxygen (MCC) and for specific compounds in water - hydrocarbons, resins, phenols, etc.
The sanitary regime of the reservoir is characterized primarily by the amount of oxygen dissolved in it. It must be at least 4 mg / l for any period of the year.
TO biological factorsself-cleaning of water bodies relates reproduction in water of algae, mold and yeast fungi. In addition to plants, self-cleaning contributes to the representatives of the animal world: mollusks, some types of ameb.
Self-cleaning of polluted water is accompanied by an improvement in its organoleptic properties by exemption from pathogenic microorganisima ^ Sophistication of self-purification depends on the degree of water pollution, the season of the year. With a small pollution, water is mostly self-cleaning in 3-4 days.
The negative effect on the self-cleaning process has contamination of the reservoir by chemicals (nitrogen, phosphorus), aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum products. Self-cleaning of water from oil is stretched for a long time (months, and on the rivers with a small current even for years).
Sanitary rules offer to choose water sources in the following order:
1. Interplaste pressure (artesian) water.
2. Interlessa non-patural water.
3. Groundwater.
4. Open reservoirs.
1. What system is the resumption of water in the process of its cycle?
2. What does intracellular and extracellular water mean?
3. What are the most important functions of water in the body?
4. What amount of fluid should consume a person per day?
5. What conditions are necessary for the spread of infectious diseases through water?
6. How do you burn to define soft or rigid water in your home?
7. What consequences will the use of water with an increased gesture?
8. What consequences leads an increased content of nitrates in water bodies?
9. Do nitrosynins affect the human body?
10. What is the value of mineral waters?
II. What percentage of all the water of the Earth is suitable for drinking?
Epidemiological value of soil It is that in it, despite the antagonism of soil saprophytic microflora, the pathogens of infectious diseases can sufficiently preserve viability, virulence and pathogenicity. So, in the soil, especially in its deep layers, salmonella typhoids can survive up to 400 days. During this time, they can contaminate underground water supply sources and infect human. A long time in the soil can be maintained not only pathogenic microorganisms, but also viruses.
Especially long (20-25 years) in the soil, the disputes of anaerobic microorganisms are maintained, which are constantly found in the soil of settlements. These include tetanus pathogens, goggren, botulism, Siberian ulcers. Prolonged stay in the soil of these pathogenic microorganisms and their dispute causes the occurrence of relevant infectious diseases when the human polluted soil is contaminated to the wound, use of contaminated food.
Polluted soilit can carry out the role of the transmission of man of pathogens as anthroponous and zooanthroponous infections. Among anthroponous - intestinal infections of bacterial nature (abdominal typhoids, parasifers A and B, bacterial and amoebic dysentery, cholera, salmonella-zh, escherichiosis), viral etiology (hepatitis A, enterovirus infections - poliomyelitis, cokesaws, echo) and protozoa nature (Amebiaz , giardiasis). To zooanthroponosos, which can spread through the soil include: leptospirosis, in particular a rudeness, aqueous fever, infectious jaundice, or Vasilyev-Weyl's disease, brucellosis, tularemia, Siberian ulcers. Mycobacteria of tuberculosis can also be transmitted through the soil. The role of the soil in the transmission of melted invasions (Askaridoza, Trio-Cefalleza, Dithubleobotriosis, Ankylotomidosis, Strongiloidosis) is especially great. For these infections and invasions, a fecal-oral transmission mechanism is characterized, which for intestinal infections is the leading, and for others, from possible.
Fecal-oral transmission mechanism of infectious diseasesthrough the soil - a multi-step process characterized by successive alternation of three phases: selection of the pathogen from the body into the soil; Stay pathogen in the soil; The introduction of the pathogen into a species-deterministic organism of the biological owner and comes down to the following. Pathogenic microorganisms or geohelminth eggs with the excrement of a sick person or a carrier of an infection or a patient of the animal (with zooanthroponous infections) fall into the soil in which some time retain the viability, pathogenic and virulent properties. Being in the soil, the pathogens of infectious diseases may fall into the water of underground and surface sources, and from there to drinking water from which they fall into the human body. In addition, from the soil, pathogens can get on vegetables, berries and fruits, on hand. They also spread rodents, flies and other insects.
The case of the abdominal epidemic, which has gripped 60% of the pupils of kindergarten for 36 days. The sand was infected on playgrounds. The causative agents of the abdominal typhoid fell into the body of children through hand contaminated by sand. There are data on penetration of causative agents of abdominal typhoids and dysentery of contaminated soil into groundwater, which led to outbreaks of intestinal infections in the population, which used water from the well.
It should be noted that the disputes of the Siberian ulcers, mycobacteria tuberculosis, polio viruses, coking and echo, causative agents of some other respiratory tract infections can spread with soil dust, i.e. air-dust, causing relevant infectious diseases. In addition, the contamination of people of Siberian ulcers is possible during direct contact with the soil infected (through damaged skin).
Spore-forming clostridium fall into the soil predominantly with excrement of animals and people. The disputes of Klostridia botulism are found not only in cultured, but also in untreated soil. They are highlighted in california soil samples (70% of cases), the North Caucasus (40%), they were found in the coastal zone of the Azov Sea, in Ile and sea water, on the surface of vegetables and fruits, in the intestine of healthy animals, fresh red fish (sturgeon, Beluga et al.), in the intestines (15-20%) and in tissues (20%) asleep fish. Violation of product processing technology in enterprises food Industry And at home, especially canned vegetables, meat and fish, as well as with smoking and caring fish, the manufacture of sausages leads to the reproduction of the stick of botulism and the accumulation of botulinum toxin. Eating such products leads to the development of severe illness with the symptoms of the lesion of the central nervous system.
Disputes of tetanus and gas goggles penetrate the human body through damaged skin and mucous membranes (small, usually brushing, wounds, abrasions, non-obstructed fabrics during burns). Soil and soil dust with tetanus are one of the factors of transmission of infection.
The soil plays a specific role in the distribution of geohelmintosis - ascarideosis, trichetoofallasis, ankylostomyidosis, strondhyloidosis. Aligned to the soil (immature) Eggs Ascaris Lumbracoides, Trichiuris Trichiura, Ancylostoma Duodenale and Stronguloides Stercoralis are not able to call invasion. The optimal conditions for the development (ripening) of eggs in the soil are created at a temperature of from 12 to 38 ° C, sufficient humidity and availability of free oxygen. Depending on the conditions, the ripening of geohelminth eggs lasts from 2-3 weeks to 2-3 months. Only after that they become invasive, that is, they are capable of entering the human body through polluted hands, vegetables, fruits and other food products cause disease. Eggs of geohelmintes, falling on the surface of the soil, die away, but at a depth of 2.5 to 10 cm, protected from insolation and drying, they retain viability, according to the latest data, up to 7-10 years.
The epidemiological value of the soil consists also in the fact that the soil contaminated by organic substances is the habitat and reproduction of rodents (rats, mice), which are not only carriers, but also by the sources of many dangerous zooanthroponoses - plague, tularemia, leptospirosis, rabies.
In addition, flies in the soil and multiply, which are active carriers of intestinal pathogens and other infectious diseases.
Finally, in the soil, natural disinfection of wastewater and waste from pathogenic microorganisms contained in them can occur.
Soil is a natural medium for disposal of liquid and solid household and industrial waste. This is the life support system of the Earth, the element of the biosphere, which occurs detoxification (neutralization, destruction and conversion to non-toxic compounds) of the main mass of exogenous organic and inorganic substances entering it. According to the famous hygienist XIX century. Rubner, the soil is "... the only place satisfying all the requirements and a given nature itself to neutralize pollution. But its detoxification ability has a limit, or threshold, environmental adaptation capabilities." Upon exceeding the threshold of the environmental adaptation capabilities of the soil, characteristic of this type of soil the magnitude of the natural processes of self-cleaning is violated, and it begins to give in plants, atmospheric air, surface and groundwater biological and chemical pollutants, which can accumulate in the in contact with soil media in quantities dangerous for Health of people, animals and plants.
Organic substances (proteins, fats, carbohydrates of plant residues, excrement or corpses of animal, liquid or solid household waste, etc.) are decomposed until the formation of inorganic substances (mineralization process). In parallel, the process of synthesis of the organic substances of the new complex organic matter of the soil - humus occurs in the soil. The process described is called humification, and both biochemical processes (mineralization and humification), aimed at restoring the natural state of the soil, is its self-cleaning. This term is denoted by the process of the liberation of the soil from biological pollution, although in this case it is necessary to talk about natural processes of its disinfection. As for the processes of self-cleaning of the soil from ECW, it is more correct to call them to detoxify the soil, and all processes together are the processes of soil neutralization. G.
The process of self-cleaning of soilfrom the alien organic matter is very complex and is carried out mainly due to saprophilic soil microorganisms. Penetration of nutrients necessary for the existence in the microbial cell occurs due to osmotic suction through small pores in the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane. The pores are so small that the complex molecules of proteins, fats and carbohydrates do not penetrate through them. Only in the case of splitting of complex substances to simpler molecules (amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids) nutrients can enter the microbial cell. To carry out such a method of nutrition in the process of evolution, the microorganisms developed the ability to allocate hydrolytic enzymes to the environment, which prepare the complex substances contained in it to absorb the microbial cell. All the enzymes of microorganisms at their place of action are divided into two groups: exoferments acting outside the cell, and endoofer cops acting inside the cell. Exofers are involved in the preparation of nutrients to enter them into the cell, and the endoems contribute to their assimilation. The nature of the action of enzymes is varied. Esterase (lipases), splitting fats, are found in many mold mushrooms and bacteria. Proteases that split protein molecules are highlighted by many putrid bacteria, etc.
