Discoveries and inventions of the 19th century table. §thirty

Thanks to human discoveries of recent centuries, we have the ability to instantly access any information from around the world. Advances in medicine have helped humanity to overcome dangerous diseases. Technical, scientific, inventions in the ship and mechanical engineering give us the opportunity to reach any part of the world in a few hours and even fly into space.

Inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries changed humanity, turned its world upside down. Of course, the development took place incessantly and each century gave us some of the greatest discoveries, but the global revolutionary inventions fell on this period. Let's talk about the most significant ones who changed the usual outlook on life and made a breakthrough in civilization.

X-rays

In 1885, German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen, in the course of his scientific experiments, discovered that the cathode tube emits certain rays, which he called X-rays. The scientist continued to investigate them and found out that this radiation penetrates through opaque objects without being reflected or refracted. Subsequently, it was found that by irradiating parts of the body with these rays, one can see the internal organs and get an image of the skeleton.

However, it took as long as 15 years after the discovery of X-ray for the study of organs and tissues. Therefore, the very name "X-ray" refers to the beginning of the 20th century, since it was not used everywhere before. It was only in 1919 that the properties of this radiation began to be put into practice by many medical institutions. The discovery of X-rays has revolutionized medicine, particularly in the fields of diagnosis and analysis. The X-ray device has saved the lives of millions.

Airplane

Since time immemorial, people have tried to climb into the sky and create such an apparatus that would help a person to take off. In 1903, the American inventors, the brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, did it - they successfully launched their aircraft with the Flyer - 1 engine into the air. And although he lasted only a few seconds above the ground, this significant event is considered the beginning of the era of the birth of aviation. And the brothers-inventors are considered the first pilots in the history of mankind.

In 1905, the brothers designed the third version of the apparatus, which was already in the air for almost half an hour. In 1907, the inventors signed a contract with the American army, and later with the French. Then the idea came to transport passengers by plane, and Orville and Wilbur Wright improved their model by equipping it with an additional seat. Scientists also equipped the plane with a more powerful engine.

Television

One of the most important discoveries of the 20th century was the invention of the television. Russian physicist Boris Rosing patented the first apparatus in 1907. In his model, he used a cathode-ray tube, and used a photocell to convert the signals. By 1912, he had improved the television, and in 1931 it became possible to transmit information using a color picture. In 1939, the first television channel was opened. Television has given a tremendous impetus to changing the way people think and how they communicate.

It should be added that Rosing is not the only one who was involved in the invention of the television. Back in the 19th century, the Portuguese scientist Adriano De Paiva and the Russian-Bulgarian physicist Porfiry Bakhmetyev proposed their ideas for developing a device that transmitted images through wires. In particular, Bakhmetyev came up with a diagram of his device - a telephotographer, but he could not assemble it due to lack of funds.

In 1908, a physicist from Armenia Hovhannes Adamyan patented a two-color apparatus for transmitting signals. And at the end of the 20s of the 20th century in America, the Russian emigrant Vladimir Zvorykin assembled his television set, which he called the "iconoscope".

Internal combustion engine car

Several scientists worked on the creation of the first gasoline car. In 1855 german engineer Karl Benz designed a car with an internal combustion engine, and in 1886 received a patent for his model vehicle... Then he started producing cars for sale.

The American industrialist Henry Ford also made a huge contribution to the production of automobiles. At the beginning of the 20th century, companies appeared that were engaged in the production of cars, but the palm in this area rightfully belongs to Ford. He had a hand in the development of the low-cost Model T car and built a low-cost assembly line for the vehicle.

A computer

Today we cannot imagine our daily life without a computer or laptop. But just recently, the first computers were used only in science.

In 1941, the German engineer Konrad Zuse designed the Z3 mechanical apparatus, which worked on the basis of telephone relays. The computer practically did not differ from the modern model. In 1942, the American physicist John Atanasov and his assistant Clifford Berry began developing the first electronic computer, but they failed to complete this invention.

In 1946, American John Mauchly developed the ENIAC electronic computer. The first cars were huge and took up entire rooms. And the first personal computers appeared only in the late 70s of the 20th century.

Antibiotic penicillin

A revolutionary breakthrough took place in 20th century medicine when, in 1928, English scientist Alexander Fleming discovered the effects of mold on bacteria.

Thus, the bacteriologist discovered the world's first antibiotic penicillin from the molds Penicillium notatum - a medicine that saved the lives of millions of people. It is worth noting that Fleming's colleagues were mistaken, believing that the main thing is to strengthen the immune system, and not to fight microbes. Therefore, antibiotics have not been in demand for several years. Only closer to 1943, the cure found wide application v hospitals... Fleming continued to study microbes and improve penicillin.

Internet

The World Wide Web has transformed human life, because today, probably, there is no corner of the world where this universal source of communication and information would not be used.

Dr. Lickleader, who led the US military information exchange project, is considered one of the pioneers of the Internet. The public presentation of the created Arpanet network took place in 1972, and a little earlier, in 1969, Professor Kleinrock and his students tried to transfer some data from Los Angeles to Utah. And despite the fact that only two letters turned out to be transmitted, the beginning of the era of the worldwide network was laid. Then the first appeared Email... The invention of the Internet became a world famous discovery, and by the end of the 20th century there were already more than 20 million users.

Mobile phone

We cannot imagine our life now without mobile phone and I can't even believe that they appeared quite recently. American engineer Martin Cooper became the creator of wireless communication. It was he who made the first cell phone call in 1973.

Literally one decade later, this means of communication became available to many Americans. The first model of Motorola's phone was expensive, but the very idea of ​​this method of communication really liked people - they literally signed up to buy it. The first tubes were heavy and large, and nothing was displayed on the miniature display except the dialed number.

After a while, the mass production of various models began, and each new generation was improved.

Parachute

For the first time, Leonardo da Vinci thought about creating a semblance of a parachute. And after several centuries, people have already begun to jump from balloons, to which they hung half-open parachutes.

In 1912, American Albert Barry jumped out of an airplane with a parachute and landed safely. And engineer Gleb Kotelnikov invented a knapsack parachute made of silk. They tested the invention on a car that was in motion. Thus, a drag parachute was created. Before the outbreak of the First World War, the scientist patented an invention in France, and it is rightfully considered one of the important achievements 20th century.

Washer

Of course, the invention of the washing machine greatly facilitated and improved the life of people. Its inventor, American Alva Fisher, patented his discovery in 1910. The first mechanical washer was wooden drum, which rotated eight times in different directions.

The predecessor of modern models was presented in 1947 by two companies - General Electric and Bendix Corporation. The washing machines were uncomfortable and made noise.

After a while, Whirlpool employees presented an improved version with plastic pads that muffled the noise. In the Soviet Union, the Volga-10 washing device appeared in 1975. Then, in 1981, the production of the Vyatka-avtomat-12 machine was launched.

Task number 1. Look at the drawings of the two ships and determine where the Hanseatic ship is depicted and where the caravel is. What seaworthiness did each of the ships have?

On the left is a Hanseatic ship, on the right is a caravel. The main advantage of the Hanseatic ship is its large carrying capacity. The caravel, also possessing a large carrying capacity, had high maneuverability, good driving performance and could go against the wind.

Task number 2. Think about how Europeans imagined the world before the start of the great geographical discoveries. What continents (their separate territories), as well as parts of the world, did they know? Which seas, in your opinion, were more explored by the Europeans?

The earth seemed flat, washed by one endless ocean. As such, the concept of continents did not exist. Europeans were familiar with Europe, part of Asia, as well as the north and part of the west coast of Africa. The Mediterranean, Baltic, North Seas, as well as the part of the Atlantic Ocean, washing Europe and North Africa, were well developed.

Task number 3. Fill in the table "Technical innovations at the end of the Middle Ages."

Task number 4. Which famous navigator left this description? We know a lot about him and his voyage, and among other things, two such facts: 1. Preparing for the voyage, he painstakingly studied the composition of the famous European traveler of the 13th century. 2. On his journey, he took a translator from the Arabic language. Who is this navigator? What kind of swimming are we talking about? Explain these two facts.
“After 33 days of travel, I brought a fleet to India, which was kindly granted to me by my patrons, the king and queen. On the way, I discovered many islands and declared them the property of their Majesties, hoisting the royal flags over them, and nowhere did I meet resistance. "

We are talking about Christopher Columbus and his first expedition. Long before the expedition, Columbus was familiar with the idea of ​​the Italian astronomer and geographer Toscanelli that India could be reached by a shorter route by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. Preparing to sail, he studied the composition of Marco Polo, who left detailed description Asian countries, and took a translator from Arabic on the voyage, since at that time the Arabs held trade with India in their hands and were aware of the sea routes to India.

REMEMBER WHAT WE LEARNED

Task number 1. Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally. 1. Homeland of knightly poetry. 5. Architectural style XI-XII centuries. 6. Medieval doctrine, the followers of which were looking for the philosopher's stone. 9. Poets from Provence. 11. Artist of the early Renaissance, whose brushes belong to the paintings "Spring", "The Birth of Venus". 12. Head of the University. 13. Brothers painters who created the "Calendar of the Duke of Berry". 14. Architectural style of the XII-XV centuries. 15. Higher educational institution, which arose in the Middle Ages. 17. Inventor of book printing. 20. Italian poet, who is called the first humanist. 21. A piece by Giovanni Boccaccio. 22. The form of conducting classes in medieval universities - discussion of pre-formulated questions, in which the participants put forward their evidence.
Vertically. 2. Images composed of pieces of colored glass. 3. University teacher. 4. Head of the Faculty. 7. Subdivision of the university. 8. Knightly poets from Germany. 10. Thinkers of the Renaissance, who created a new teaching about man. 16. Knightly poets from Northern France. 18. Wandering schoolchildren. 19. Collapsible letters invented by Gutenberg.

Horizontal answers: 1. Provence. 5. Romanesque. 6. Alchemy. 9. Troubadours. 11. Botticelli. 12. Rector. 13. Limburg. 14. Gothic. 15. University. 17. Gutenberg. 20. Petrarch. 21. Decameron. 22. Dispute.
Vertical answers: 2. Stained-glass windows. 3. Master. 4. Dean. 7. Faculty. 8. Mennesingers. 10. Humanists. 16. Trouvers. 18. Vagants. 19. Letters.

Task number 2. What famous people in Florence do you know?

Dante Alighieri, Giotto, Boccaccio, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Cosimo Medici, Machiavelli, Savonarola, etc.

Vedernikova Natalia Ivanovna

history and social studies teacher

MBOU "Parbig average

Comprehensive school"

Tomsk region, with. Parbig

History lesson plan in grade 8 on the topic: "Industrial revolution"

Target : consider the features of the modernization process at the beginning of the 19th century

Tasks:

Educational:assimilate key concepts course

Developing: contribute to the development of historical thinking based on an analysis of the essence of a long historical process

Educational: foster an understanding of the essence of the historical process

Lesson equipment: presentation

Lesson type: lecture - conversation

Basic concepts:modernization, industrialization, competition, free competition capitalism, monopoly, cartel, syndicate, trust, concern, imperialism.

1. Organizational part.Reporting lesson objectives.
2. Moving on to learning new material... Introductory conversation

1. What period of history did we study in the past? academic year? What is the name of this period?(history of modern times)
2. What is the chronological framework of the period of modern history studied in the past year?(1500-1800 years)
3. What are the main features of this time?(industrial revolution, religious wars and reformation, formation of capitalism)

1. Learning new material

Plan:

1. Chronological framework and features of the second period of modern history. Modernization

We have to study new period in the history of mankind.

Let's get acquainted with the textbook and determine the chronological period of this time(1800-1913 years)

What event will mark the end of the new time period?(World War I).True, there is a point of view that the period new history ends in 1900.

A feature of the period is the beginning of the process modernization.

Modernization - conversion process traditional society into industrial

Features of modernization:

1. V political sphere- democratization of public and political life
2. V social sphere- rapid population growth, migration, urban population growth
3. In the economic sphere - industrialization
4. In the field of culture - the rapid growth of scientific knowledge

Industrialization- the process of development and implementation of large-scale machine technology, production of machines with the help of machines

The history of development of different countries is uneven. This is the process of modernization in different countries started in different time- it depended on the time of the beginning of the industrial revolution.

What is an Industrial Revolution?(transition from manufactory to factory)

In which country did it start earlier?(In Great Britain)

In what other countries did the industrial revolution take place in the 18th century?(Holland, France, USA)

These countries became the first echelon of modernization - the countries of old capitalism.

Work on filling out the table:

Echelons of modernization at the beginning of the 19th century

1. Completion of the industrial revolution

Working with the presentation, filling out the table along the teacher's story

19th century technical inventions

Output: technical inventions laid the foundation for the development modern society(the symbol of this time is the Eiffel Tower)

1. Free competition capitalism and monopoly capitalism

In the first half of the 19th century, the era of free factory capitalism begins, orfree competition capitalism.

Free competition capitalism- a social system based on unlimited competition in the economic sphere

Competition - the struggle between entrepreneurs for the most profitable terms production and distribution of goods, providing the highest profit

The first half of the 19th century was a period of free competition. But already by 1870-1880. the production sphere is conquered monopolies.

Monopoly - an association of capitalists, arising on the basis of a growing concentration of production and capital, concentrating production or sale in their hands and with the aim of establishing dominance in certain sectors of the economy and obtaining maximum profit.

Variousforms of monopolistic associations:

Cartel - an association in which the production and commercial independence of enterprises is preserved, but uniform prices are determined and sales markets are divided

Syndicate - an association engaged in the joint marketing of products

Trust - complete merger of enterprises, loss of commercial and industrial independence

Concern - association of trusts or enterprises dependent on any monopoly group

THEN. emerging monopoly capitalism(imperialism).

Imperialism - a special stage in the development of capitalism, at which it seeks to extend its dominance in all areas of society.

Consolidation of the studied material:

1. What new features have appeared in the development of capitalist production in Europe?
2. What is capitalist monopoly?
3. What role did the aggravation play competitive struggle in the formation of monopolies?
4. What forms of business mergers do you know?
5. Why is capitalism of free competition in late XIX century grows into monopoly capitalism?

Signs of imperialism - according to the textbook p. 20 - write out

1. Combination of free competition and monopoly
2. The merger of industrial and banking capital and the formation of a financial oligarchy
3. The predominance of the export of capital over the export of goods
4. The economic division of the world into spheres of influence
5. Establishing a close connection between the financial oligarchy and the government

Homework:

§1-2, answer questions, vocabulary work

Scientists of the 19th century are the creators of great innovations, discoveries and inventions. The 19th century gave us a lot famous people that completely changed the world. The 19th century brought us a technological revolution, electrification and great advances in medicine. Below is a list of some of the most important inventors and their inventions that made a huge impact on humanity that we enjoy even today.

Nikola Tesla - alternating current, electric motor, radio technology, remote control

If you start researching the legacy of Nikola Tesla, you can understand that he was one of the greatest inventors of the 19th and early 20th centuries and rightfully deserves the first place on this list. He was born on July 10, 1856, in Smiljan, Austrian Empire, to a Serbian Orthodox priest, Milutin Tesla. His father, as a Serbian Orthodox priest, initially instilled in Nikola's interest in science. He knew enough about the mechanical devices of the time.

Nikola Tesla received his high school education and later entered the Polytechnic University in Graz, Austria. He dropped out of his studies and went to Budapest, where he worked for a telegraph company and then became the chief electrician in Budapest for the automatic telephone exchange. In 1884 he began working for Edison, where he received a reward of $ 50,000 for the improvement of engines. Then Tesla created his own laboratory where he could experiment. He discovered an electron, X-rays, a rotating magnetic field, electrical resonance, cosmic radio waves, and invented a wireless remote control. remote control, radio technology, electric motor and many other things that changed the world.

Today he is the most famous scientist of the 19th century for his contributions to the construction of the Niagara Falls power plant and for his discovery and application of alternating current, which has become the standard and is still used today. He died on January 7, 1943, in New York, USA.

Luther Burbank cultivated hundreds of new plant varieties

Luther Burbank is a consistent Darwinist, even though he only had a primary education, but became one of the most famous breeders of all time. The potatoes he has selected are the most widely cultivated in the world.

The turning point in his life was an event that took place in 1875 when the banker Petaluma contacted him with a request to supply 20,000 plum trees by the end of the year. The banker argued that all nurseries refused to do such work, arguing that such a project could not be completed in such a short period of time. Luther Burbank took over the job and had grown 19,500 plums by the end of the year. Over the course of his career, he has created over 800 strains of vegetables, fruits and flowers. He was born on March 7, 1849, in Lancaster, Massachusetts and died on April 11, 1926, in Santa Rosa, California.

Joseph Gayetti invented toilet paper

Can you live without this consumer product - toilet paper? Today we cannot even imagine our life without this simple roll - what we now call toilet paper. In 1857, Joseph Gayetti began marketing a new invention as a medical product that would help people suffering from hemorrhoids. The document for this type of product was watermarked with the name of the inventor, was fragrant and contained aloe lubricant. It was the first commercially available toilet paper, and we consider Joseph Gayetti to be the inventor of modern toilet paper.

John Froelich - the first tractor

In 1890, John Froehlich and his workers decided that they had already outlived steam threshers and built the first tractor with an internal combustion engine. In 1892, a car was released that could drive back and forth on gasoline engine with 16 horsepower. In the first year, his machine was able to thresh more than 5 tons of grain per day without any problems. Steam threshers were fire hazardous and this new tractor proved to be safer. It uses only 30 liters of fuel to thresh over 15 tonnes of grain without the risk of fire. Therefore, John Froelic is credited with inventing the first modern tractor. He was born on November 24, 1849 and died on May 24, 1933.

Alexander Graham Bell - first telephone

The first telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. When Bell's mother became deaf, he actively studied acoustics, and at the age of 23 he moved to Canada and later to Boston, USA, where he invented the microphone and acoustic telegraph, which is today called the telephone. Bell received a patent for his invention in 1876. While there is much controversy surrounding the invention of the telephone, we cannot deny that Alexander Graham Bell was the most important contributor to the development of telephony. Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland and died on August 2, 1922, in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Samuel Morse - Telegraph and Morse Code

Before Samuel Morse became a famous inventor, he established himself as a successful artist. When he was refused to put his painting on one of the interior panels of the dome of the US Capitol building, he decided to give up painting and focused on other topics that interested him: electricity and the telegraph.

He invented Morse code, dots and dashes, which are still the standard for transmitting data. Samuel Morse is famous as the inventor of the telegraph and is considered one of the largest contributors to communications in the 19th century. He was born on April 27, 1791 in Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA and died on April 2, 1872, aged 80 in New York, USA.

Alfred Nobel invented dynamite

Alfred Nobel, as the inventor of dynamite, invented two other explosives - gelignite and ballistite. He was born on October 21, 1833, Stockholm, Sweden and was one of four surviving children of eight born. Alfred, his father was an inventor and scientist.

After many years of hardship, the family moved to St. Petersburg, where Alfred received his first real education. He excelled in research, especially in the field of chemistry. When he began experimenting with nitroglycerin and after numerous minor accidents and even tragedies in which his younger brother Emil died, he was finally able to develop a stable explosive in 1867 called dynamite.

By making the right business decisions, he was able to amass immense wealth. 94% of this wealth Alfred Nobel donated to the Nobel Fund in 1895... He died on December 10, 1896, San Remo, Italy.

Humphry Davy discovered sodium, potassium, calcium, the first electric light

Humphrey Davy was a pioneer in many fields and gave us many inventions and discoveries. For his contributions to science and humanity, he was knighted in 1812. After graduating from high school, he began research in medicine, turning to chemistry and electrochemistry later. He is the most famous discoverer of sodium, potassium and calcium by means of electrolysis and became a brilliant and famous experimenter. Some experiments with nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, led to his dependence on it.

Today we count Humphrey Davy as the inventor of the first electric light... In 1809, he connected two wires of a battery with charcoal for lighting in short periods of time. Humphrey Davy was born on December 17, 1778, in Penzance, Cornwall, England and died on May 29, 1829, in Geneva, Switzerland.

Thomas Alva Edison the invention of the modern light bulb

Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor known for his contributions to the first commercially viable incandescent light bulb. In 1878, he spent months trying to obtain different filaments for the lamp to work. Finally, he and his team turned on a carbon light bulb that lasted 13.5 hours. As an inventor, Edison was also successful entrepreneur and founded numerous companies, turning his inventions into profits. We can say that he was a good marketer also.

But one of the most important mistakes of his life was the statement that alternating current was unsuitable, which later turned out to be wrong. Alternating current used for power transmission to this day. Edison was born on February 11, 1847, in Milan, Ohio, United States and on October 18, 1931, died in New Jersey, United States.

Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization

Louis Pasteur is a French microbiologist, born December 27, 1822 in France. He revolutionized the food industry and we can hardly imagine our life today without many pasteurized products such as milk, cheese, juices, wines and many more.

Although pasteurization has been known since the 12th century in China and other countries, Louis Pasteur in 1864 developed a precise method to prevent wine and beer from fermenting. Only later was his pasteurization method used for milk and other dairy products. He is also credited with discovering the principle of vaccination. He died on September 28, 1895, in France.

Scientists and inventors of the 19th century laid the foundation for

By definition, according to the Gregorian calendar, the 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900. It is also referred to as the 1800s. The invention of practical electricity, steel and petroleum products during the 19th century led to the second industrial revolution (1865-1900). This period can be characterized by the growth railways and steamers, faster and more advanced communications and inventions that are so well known to us today.

The 19th century can be called the era of machine tools (machines made machines), machines that produced spare parts for other machines, including interchangeable parts. During the 19th century, the assembly line was invented, accelerating the production of factory consumer goods. The light bulb, telephone, printing machine, sewing machine - they were all invented in the 19th century.

In the 19th century, professional scientists were born: the word "scientist" was first introduced in 1833 by William Uewell. The inventors began to develop a practical internal combustion engine.

List of inventions and discoveries made in the 19th century

1800 - Frenchman J.M. Jacquard invents the jacquard loom. Alessandro Volt invents the battery.

1804 - Friedrich Winsor (Winsor) was the first person to patent gas lighting. English mining engineer,. Unfortunately, the car was too heavy and broke the rails it was driving on.

1809 - Humphrey Davy invents the first electric light and the first arc lamp.

1810 - German Frederic Koenig invents an improved version printing machine... Peter Durand invents the tin can.

1814 - George Stephenson designs the first steam locomotive. The first plastic surgery is performed in England. German Josef von Fraunhofer invents the spectroscope for chemical analysis glowing objects. Joseph Nicephorus Niepce was the first person to take a photograph. He took the photo from the window of his home in France using a machine called a camera obscura. It took the camera 8 hours to take the picture.

1815 - Humphrey Davy invents the mining lamp.

1819 - Samuel Fanistock patents a soda vending machine. Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope.

1823 - Mackintosh (cloak) invented by Charles Mackintosh in Scotland.

1824 - Michael Faraday invents the first balloon. Englishman Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement.

1825 - William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet.

1827 - John Walker invents modern matches. Charles Wheatstone was the first person to define a microphone.

1829 - American W.A. Bert invents typewriter... Frenchman Louis Braille invents Braille for the blind. William Austin Burt patents the typographer (predecessor of the typewriter).

1830 - Frenchman Barthélemy Timonnier invents sewing machine.

1831 - American Cyrus McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaper. Michael Faraday invents the electric generator.

1832 - The first patented stereoscope was invented by Charles Wheatstone in 1832 and patented in 1838.

1834 - Henry Blair patents a corn planter: he becomes the second African American to receive a U.S. patent. Jacob Perkins invents an early type of refrigeration device (freezer).

1835 - Englishman Henry Talbot invents calotypic photography. Solimon Merrick patents wrench... Englishman Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller. Charles Babbage invents the mechanical calculator.

1836 - Francis Pettit Smith and John Erickson co-invent the propeller. Samuel Colt invents the first revolver.

1837 - Samuel Morse invents the telegraph. English teacher Rowland Hill invents a postage stamp.

1838 - Samuel Morse invents Morse code.

I839 - American Thaddeus Fairbanks invents platform scales. American Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber. Frenchmen Louis Daguerre and J.N. Niepce jointly invent the daguerreotype. Kirkpatrick Macmillan creates a bicycle. Welshman Sir William Robert Grove develops the first hydrogen fuel cell.

1840 - The British John Herschel invents the blueprint.

1841 - Samuel Slokum patents the stapler.

1842 - Joseph Dart builds the first elevator.

1843 - Alexander Bane of Scotland invents the facsimile.

1844 - Englishman John Mercer invents cotton fabric.

1845 - American Elias Howe invents an improved sewing machine. Robert William Thomson patents the first vulcanized pneumatic tires.

1846 - Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, became the first physician to use anesthesia to extract a tooth.

1847 - Hungarian Ignaz Semmelweis invents an antiseptic.

1848 - Waldo Hatchett patents the dental chair.

1849 - Walter Hunt invents the safety pin.

1850 - Joel Houghton was granted the first patent for dishwasher.

1851 - Isaac Singer invents the sewing machine.

1852 - Jean-Bernard Leon Foucault invents the gyroscope. Henri Giffard builds an airship powered by the first aircraft engine(unsuccessful development).

1853 - George Keighley invents the manned glider.

1854 - John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics.

1855 Isaac Singer patents a sewing machine with a motor. Georges Audemars invents rayon.

1856 - Louis Pasteur invents pasteurization.

1857 - George Pullman invents the Pullman sleeping car for train travel.

1858 - Hamilton Smith patents the rotary washing machine. Jean Lenoir invents the internal combustion engine.

1861 - Elisha Otis patents elevator safety brakes, thus creating a safer elevator system. Pierre Michaud invents the wheel. Linus Yale invents the Yale lock or cylinder lock.

1862 - Richard Gatling patents a machine gun. Alexander Parks invents the first man-made plastic.

1866 - Alfred Nobel invents dynamite. J. Osterudt patents a tin can with an opener. Englishman Robert Whitehead invents the torpedo.

1867 - Christopher Scholes creates the first practical modern typewriter.

1868 - George Westinghouse invents air brakes. Robert Machet creates tungsten steel. J.P. Knight invents the traffic light.

1872 - J.C. Risdon patents a metal windmill. A.M. Ward launches the first mail-order catalog.

1873 - Joseph Glidden invents barbed wire.

1874 - American S. Goodyear the Younger invents the shoe stitching machine.

1876 ​​- Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone. Nikolaus August Otto invents the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine. Melville Bissell patents a carpet brush.

1877 - Thomas Edison invents the cylindrical phonograph or phonographic foil. Edward Muybridge invents the first moving images.

1878 - Sir Joseph Wilson Swan was the first person to invent a practical and more durable light bulb.

1880 - British perforated paper company invents toilet paper... Englishman John Milne creates a modern seismograph.

1881 - Alexander Graham Bell invents the first raw metal detector. David Houston patents roll film for cameras. Edward Levu patents an automatic mechanical piano.

1884 - George Eastman patents photographic film. Frenchman H. de Chardonnay invents rayon. Lewis Edson Waterman invents the first practical fountain pen. James Ritty develops the first mechanical worker cash machine... Charles Parson patents a steam turbine.

1885 - Arim Maxim invents the machine gun. Karl Benz invented the first practical car powered by an internal combustion engine. Gottlieb Daimler invents the first gas-powered motorcycle.

1886 - Josephine Cochrane invents the dishwasher. Gottlieb Daimler builds the world's first four-wheeled vehicle. John Pemberton invents Coca-Cola.

1887 - German Heinrich Hertz develops radar. Rowell Hodge patents barbed wire. Emil Berliner invents the gramophone. F.E. Müller and Adolph Fick invent the first wearable contact lenses.

1888 - Marvin Stone patents the spiral winding process that made the first drinking straw. John Boyd Dunlop patents a commercially successful pneumatic tire. alternating current.

1889 - Joshua Pusey invents Matchbox... Sir James Dewar and Sir Frederick Abel invent cordita, a type of smokeless powder.

1891 - Jesse W. Reno invents the escalator.

1892 - Rudolph Diesel invents the internal combustion engine that runs on diesel fuel. Sir James Dewar invents the Dewar flask or thermos.

1893 - American W.L. Judson invents lightning. Edward Goodrich Acheson invents carborundum.

1895 - The Lumière brothers invented a portable movie camera, a film processing unit and a projector called a cinematograph. The Lumière brothers were the first to present a project film to an audience of more than one person.

1896 - American H. Sullivan invents the rubber heel.

1898 - Edwin Prescott patents the roller coaster. Rudolph Diesel receives patent No. 608845 for an "internal combustion engine" using diesel fuel.

1899 J.R. Johnson patents a bicycle frame. John Thurman patents a vacuum cleaner with a motor.