Fundamentals of relay protection technology. Berkovich M., Molchanov V.V., Semenov V.A.

One of best books about relay protection. It will be useful for both beginners and professionals. ....

Chaptersixth. Overcurrent protection

1. Protection principle
2. Placement of overcurrent protection
3. Schemes for switching on the starting bodies of overcurrent protection
4. Overcurrent Protection Schemes
5. Tripping current of starting current relays of overcurrent protection
6. Peculiarities of calculating the maximum current protection with deshunting of circuit breaker trip coils,
7. Delay time of overcurrent protection
8. Overcurrent protection with undervoltage blocking
9. current cutoff
10. Overcurrent protection against single-phase short circuits in a network with grounded zero points of transformers
11. Overcurrent protection with magnetic current transformers

Chapterseventh. Protection of overhead and cable lines power transmission

1. Purpose and main types of protection
2. Maximum directional protection
3. Current transverse differential protection of two parallel lines
4. Directional transverse differential protection of two parallel lines
5. Distance protection
6. Phase differential high frequency protection

Chaptereighth. Protection of transformers and autotransformers

1. Purpose and main types of protection of transformers and autotransformers
2. Differential protection
3. current cutoff
4. Gas protection
5. Overcurrent protection
6. Overload protection

Chapterninth. Protection of synchronous generators

1. Damage and abnormal operation of generators. Types
   generator protection
2. Longitudinal differential protection
3. Transverse differential protection
4. Protection against single-phase earth faults
5. Current protection against external short circuits and overload
6. Protection with a resistance relay against external symmetrical short circuits. .
7. Over voltage protection
8. Protection of the excitation circuit against ground faults
9. Rotor overload protection
10. Features of protection of generator-transformer blocks
11. Protection of low power generators.
12. Features of protection of synchronous compensators

Chaptertenth. Motor protection

1. Characteristics of asynchronous electric motors and driven mechanisms
2. Damage and abnormal modes of electric motors. Protection types.
3. Multi-phase short circuit protection
4. Overload protection
5. Undervoltage protection
6. Calculation of current and residual voltage during self-starting....
7. Protection of electric motors 3-10 kV against earth faults. . .
8. Protection of asynchronous electric motors up to 500 V
9. Features of protection of synchronous electric motors

Chapter eleventh Features of the protection of lines and transformers connected to lines without circuit breakers on the high voltage side

1. Protection of transformers without circuit breakers on the side
   higher voltage.
2. Separator shutdown automatic
3. Additional protection of transformers at two-transformer substations
4. Differential-phase high-frequency protection on lines with branches

Chaptertwelfth. Tire protection

1. Purpose of tire protection
2. Busbar differential protection
3. Generator busbar protection

Chapterthirteenth. Redundancy of failures in the operation of relay protection and switches

1. General information
2. Schemes of the device of redundancy in case of failure of switches
3. Improving the efficiency of long-range redundancy

Application

Bibliography

Fundamentals of technology and operation of relay protection
Authors: M. A. Berkovich and V. A. Semenov
Publisher: M.-L.: Gosenergoizdat, 1954

The book is a textbook for individual and team training of electricians and relay protection masters. It contains basic information about relay protection of networks, transformers, generators and electric motors, as well as automatic reclosing and automatic switching of standby power supplies.
In addition to describing relays and protection circuits, the book briefly outlines the main methods of operational testing of relay protection devices.
The book may also be useful for electricians and masters of relay protection services for power plants and networks.
In recent years, due to the general increase in the technical level of equipment of power plants and power networks with modern relay protection, the role of electricians and especially the masters of relay protection services has significantly increased, who often independently operate relay protection devices in certain areas.
In accordance with this, the requirements for electricians and masters of relay protection services have also increased.
Based on this, and relying mainly on the rich experience of operating and training work in the Mosenergo system, as well as on innovate experience other power systems, the authors sought to create a manual for the training of new personnel of electricians and foremen in the operation of relay protection.
Unfortunately, the limited scope of the manual made it impossible to set out the basic principles on which
the action of the relay, the method of vector diagrams, methods for checking the correctness of the inclusion of the power direction relay and a number of other useful information are based.

Foreword
Introduction
IN 1. Importance of electrification
IN 2. Purpose of relay protection
AT 3. Basic requirements for relay protection
AT 4. The role of masters and electricians of relay protection services
Chapter first. Relay
1-1. General information
1-2. The device of the most common relays of domestic production
Chapter two. Instrument transformers
2-1. Purpose of measuring transformers
2-2. Voltage transformers
2-3. Current transformers
2-4. Types and designs of current transformers
2-5. Ring core cable current transformers
Chapter three. Protection of air and cable networks high voltage
3-1. Purpose and main types of protection
3-2. Overcurrent protection
3-3. Current cutoff on lines with one-sided supply
3-4. Current cutoff on lines with double-sided power supply
3-5. Combination of current cutoff with overcurrent protection
3-6. Maximum directional protection
3-7. Current transverse differential protection of two parallel lines
3-8. Directional transverse parallel line differential protection
3-9. Protection against single-phase short circuits in networks with high earth fault current
3-10. Protection against single-phase earth faults in networks with low earth fault current
Chapter Four. Transformer protection
4-1. Purpose and main types of transformer protection
4-2. Overcurrent protection of transformers
4-3. current cutoff
4-4. Differential protection
4-5. Gas protection
Chapter five. Protection of synchronous generators
5-1. Damage and abnormal modes of operation of synchronous generators and types of generator protection
5-2. Field extinguishers
5-3. Longitudinal differential protection
5-4. Transverse differential protection
5-5. Protection against single-phase earth faults
5-6. Overcurrent protection
5-7. Over voltage protection
5-8. Protection of the excitation circuit against ground fault
5-9. Complete Generator Protection Circuit
5-10. Features of protection of synchronous compensators
Chapter six. Motor protection
6-1. Main characteristics of asynchronous electric motors and mechanisms
6-2. Damage and abnormal modes of operation of electric motors and types of protection of electric motors
6-3. Protection against phase-to-phase short circuits
6-4. Overload protection
6-5. Undervoltage protection
6-6. Selection of settings for the overcurrent protection of a transformer supplying asynchronous electric motors
6-7. Protection of asynchronous electric motors up to 500 V
6-8. Features of protection of synchronous electric motors
Chapter seven. Automatic reclosing of transmission lines and substation buses (AR)
7-1. Purpose and types of automatic reclosure
7-2. Electric reclosers of single action
7-3. Freight reclosing
7-4. Selection of AR settings
7-5. tire reclosure
7-6. Acceleration of protection to AR
7-7. Acceleration of protection after AR
Chapter eight. Automatic switching on of standby power supplies and other equipment (ATS)
8-1. Purpose and basic requirements for ATS
8-2. ATS of transformers
8-3. AVR sectional switch
8-4. ATS lines
8-5. AVR on circuit breakers with cargo drive
8-6. ATS of electric motors
8-7. ATS of low voltage lines
Chapter nine. Equipment for testing protection and automation
9-1. Current regulation equipment
9-2. Voltage regulation equipment
9-3. Apparatus for adjusting the angle between current and voltage
9-4. Complete test devices for protection testing
Chapter ten. Adjustment and testing of relay protection
10-1. Programs and instructions for security checks
10-2. Types and timing of security checks
10-3. Checking the correct installation and labeling
10-4. Checking current transformers
10-5. Checking the health of the mechanical part of the relay
10-6. Insulation resistance test and insulation overvoltage test
10-7. Setting and checking the electrical characteristics of the relay
10-8. Checking the interaction of the relay in the protection and automation circuit
10-9. Primary current protection test
10-10. Checking protection by primary load current and operating voltage

File information:
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M.A. Berkovich V.A. Gladyshev, V. A. Semenov

AUTOMATIONENERGY SYSTEMS

Approved by the Department of Energy

and electrification of the USSR as a textbook

for energy students

and power engineering colleges

3rd edition, revised and enlarged

MOSCOW ENERGOATOMIZDAT

1991

Reviewer: Zuevsky Energy College,teacher T.S. Pavlova

Berkovich M.A. and etc.

Automation of power systems: Textbook for technical schools / M.A. Berkovich, V.A. Gladyshev, V.A. Semenov. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1991. - 240 p.: ill. ISBN 5-283-01004-X

Information about automatic control and regulation devices in power systems is given. The issues of automatic control of the excitation of synchronous machines and their inclusion in parallel operation are considered. The devices of auto-reclosing, automatic reclosing, anti-emergency automation are described. The second edition was published in 1985. The third edition describes new automation devices based on the use of control mini- and microcomputers.

For students of technical schools in the specialty "Operation of electrical equipment and automation of power systems."

Contents of the textbook Automation of power systems

Foreword
Introduction

Chapter first. General information on automation
1.1. Basic concepts and definitions of the theory of automatic control and regulation
1.2. Regulation characteristics

Chapter two. Automatic reclosing (AR)
2.1. Appointment of AR
2.2. Classification of AR devices. Basic requirements for AR circuits
2.3. Single action reclosing device
2.4. Features of the implementation of AR schemes at telemechanized substations
2.5. Features of the implementation of AR circuits on air circuit breakers
2.6. Choice of settings for single-shot AR circuits for lines with unilateral supply
2.7. Accelerating the action of relay protection during auto-reclosing
2.8. Implementation of AR circuits on alternating operational current
2.9. Double AR
2.10. Three-phase automatic reclosing on lines with two-way supply
2.11. Single-Phase Automatic Reclosing (SAR)
2.12. Automatic tire reclosing

Chapter three. Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)
3.1. Appointment of ATS
3.2. Basic requirements for ATS schemes
3.3. Automatic switching on of the reserve at substations
3.4. Undervoltage starting elements
3.5. Automatic activation of backup transformers in power plants
3.6. Network ATS
3.7. Calculation of ATS settings

Chapter Four. Automatic voltage regulation in electrical networks
4.1. Purpose of voltage regulation
4.2. Automatic voltage regulator of transformers
4.3. Capacitor bank management

Chapter five. Integrated Substation Control Systems
5.1. General information
5.2. Integrated operational and automatic control systems
5.3. An integrated substation control system that, along with the functions of operational and automatic control, implements relay protection functions

Chapter six. Automatic switching of synchronous generators for parallel operation
6.1. Synchronization methods
6.2. Devices for automatic switching of generators for parallel operation

Chapter seven. Automatic excitation control of synchronous machines
7.1. General information about excitation systems
7.2. Purpose and types of automatic excitation control (ARV)
7.3. Relay devices for high-speed excitation forcing (UBF) and deforcing
7.4. Generator excitation compounding
7.5. Electromagnetic voltage corrector
7.6. Automatic excitation regulators with compounding and electromagnetic voltage corrector
7.7. Device for automatic control and forcing excitation for generators with high-frequency exciters
7.8. Strong action automatic excitation regulators
7.9. Automatic regulation of voltage on the buses of power plants

Chapter eight. Automatic frequency and active power control
8.1. General information
8.2. Primary turbine speed controllers
8.3. Characteristics of regulation of turbine speed and electrical frequency of the network
8.4. Ways to control the frequency in the power system
8.5. Automatic regulation of power flows
8.6. Integrated regulation of frequency and power flows
8.7. Microprocessor active power controller of the power unit

Chapter nine. Automatic Load Shedding (AFR)
9.1. Purpose and basic principles for the implementation of the APR
9.2. Prevention of false disconnections of consumers during short-term frequency reductions in the power system
9.3. Automatic reclosing after AFC
9.4. AFR and CHAP schemes
9.5. Branch own expense thermal power plants when reducing the frequency in the power system
9.6. Additional local unloading due to other factors
9.7. Automatic start-up of hydrogenerators in case of frequency reduction in the power system

Chapter ten. Emergency automatics (PA)
10.1. Purpose and classification of emergency control devices
10.2. The concept of stability of parallel operation of power systems
10.3. Means of increasing static and dynamic stability
10.4. PA devices to prevent buckling
10.5. Device for teletransmission of automatic alarms (TCA)
10.6. Asynchronous mode and devices for automatic elimination of asynchronous mode
10.7. Automatic overvoltage limitation

Chapter Eleven. The use of electronic computers in emergency automation
11.1. General information
11.2. Ways of using a computer in an ADV device
11.3. Structure and characteristics of the control computer for storing the dosage of control actions
11.4. Algorithm for automatic dosing of control actions
Bibliography

FOREWORD

The energy program of the USSR for the long termlooks further development Unified Energy System (UES) of the USSR.Commissioning of high and ultra high power transmission linesvoltage, high-capacity power plants, intensive developmentmain and distribution networks have made the problem extremely difficultcontrols for normal and emergency modes. Normaloperation of power systems, prevention of emergency situationsprovided by various automation devices, efficiencyand the correct functioning of which determine the reliability of work you are the energy system.

The book is a textbook on the automation of power systems for environmentsthem special educational institutions of the electric power profile.The volume and content of the book correspond to the program of the course "Automaticka power systems", read in the specialty "Operation electrical equipmentand means of automation of power systems.

The main difference between the third edition and the previous one is thatwhat is in it, along with traditional automation devices, having received widely used in power systems, systems andautomatic control devices based on modernmeans of computer technology.

All comments and suggestions should be sent to: 113114,Moscow, M-114, Gateway emb., 10, Energoatomizdat.

INTRODUCTION

Power system automation refers to the introduction of devicesand systems that automatically control the scheme and modemami (processes of production, transmission and distribution of electricitygii) power systems in normal and emergency conditions. Automationpower systems ensures the normal functioning of the elementspower systems, reliable and economical operation of the power system as a whole, the required quality of electricity.

The main feature of the energy industry that distinguishes it from other industriesindustry, consists in the fact that at each moment of timeThe power output must strictly correspond to its consumption. Poeto mu with an increase or decrease in power consumption should not slowly increase or decrease its output to the power plant tions. Violation of the normal operation of one of the elementscan affect the operation of many elements of the power system and lead todisrupting the entire production process. Another, no less importantnaya feature is that electrical processes in violation ofnormal mode transitions proceed so quickly that the operational transitionthe sonal of power plants and substations does not have time to intervene in the flowprocess and prevent its development. These features of the energy shared the need for extensive automation of power systems.

All automation devices can be divided into two large groups: devices technological and system automation. Technological automation is a local automation, performing the functions of managing local processes at the power facility and maintaining at a given level or regulating by divided law of local parameters, without significantlyinfluence on the regime of the power system as a whole.

System automation performs control functions, providinghaving a significant impact on the mode of operation of the entire power system orits significant part. According to the functional purpose, the systemautomation is divided into control automation in normal modes and control automation in emergency modes.

Control automation in normal modes includes devices VA automatic frequency and active power control(ARCHM), automatic regulation of voltage on the busbars stations and substations, etc. With the help of automatic control devices leniya in normal modes are provided with the established qualityelectricity by frequency and voltage, increasing the efficiency ofbots and margin of stability of parallel operation.

The automatic control in emergency modes includes, along withrelay protection devices (covered in another course)as well as network automation that turns on the reserve, repeatswitching on of equipment elements (transformer lines, tires),forcingexcitation of synchronous machines, and emergency automatics. With the help of emergency automatics, power lines are unloaded to prevent disturbance of the stability. parallel operation, termination of the asynchronous modepower systems, shutdown to prevent the development of an accidentpart of consumers in fact unacceptably low frequency or voltageniya, elimination of short-term increases in frequency and voltage, hazardous to the equipment.

All automation devices, regardless of their functionscan also be divided into two groups: automatic control devices and automatic control devices.

This book is mainly concerned with the mouthsystems automation devices that are widely used, and some technological automation devices. Main focus of the bookturned to the consideration of the physical essence of the phenomena occurringin power systems, as well as the principles of operation and schemes of modern devices roystvo automation.

Download the book M.A.Berkovich, V.A.Gladyshev, V.A.Semenov. Automation of power systems: Proc. for technical schools. Third edition, revised and enlarged. Moscow, Energoatomizdat, 1991