Levels of organization and properties of living things. Diversity of the living world

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The purpose of the lesson: introduce students to the diversity of the living world.

Tasks:

• Educational: consider how living organisms are distributed on the planet;
• find out what a natural area is; what conditions of inanimate nature are characteristic of each natural zone; what adaptations do living organisms have for living in various natural zones; Developmental:
• develop the ability to highlight the main thing, compare, formulate conclusions; Educational:

develop students' attention and observation skills; curiosity and interest in nature.

Lesson type: lesson on learning new material, travel lesson.

Didactic support: computer presentation.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Introductory part. Teacher

: Open your notebooks, write down the number. Lesson topic: Diversity of the living world.

• Today in the lesson we will go on a journey on a magic train. But in order to board our biological train, you need to purchase tickets. To do this you need to solve riddles: In winter he sleeps, in summer he stirs up the hives. (
• Bear) Miracle Yudo - a giant carries a fountain on his back.
• (Whale) Who carries his own house?
• (Snail) He passed through the earth and found Little Red Riding Hood.
• (Mushroom) Who walks around angry and hungry in the cold winter?
• (Wolf) She is blind during the day, and receives her sight at night.
• (Owl) Winter and summer – one color.
• (Spruce) He doesn’t hit, he doesn’t scold, but he makes everyone cry.
• (onion) The little beast has a hundred silver coins on its back.
• (fish) I don’t sew my own clothes, but I always weave fabric.
• (spider) Red, but not a horse, horned, but not a ram, they don’t like it at home, and they won’t buy it at the market

(cockroach)

Now it's time to go on a journey.

2. Introductory part.: 3. Studying new material (presentation and story based on the presentation) Our planet is inhabited by a wide variety of organisms. Living organisms vary greatly in size. And our first stop will be at station “Organisms are giants”. For example, blue whale

reaches 33m in length. Some pines can grow up to 40m. Next station “Organisms - Lilliputians”.

For example, a ladybug is less than 1 cm in size, and duckweed (an aquatic plant that lives on the surface of reservoirs) is 3-5 mm. Third.The smallest living organisms are visible only through a microscope and are measured in thousandths of a millimeter. As the microscope improved, scientists discovered more and more new, previously invisible living organisms. Countless numbers of them inhabit the soil and air. Millions of them live on and in the body of living and dead plants, animals and people. For example, “invisible organisms” include: protozoa (common amoeba, slipper ciliates, green euglena), bacteria.

Its inhabitants are distributed differently on our planet, but there are boundaries beyond which life becomes impossible.

And our next stop is station “Boundaries of Life on the Planet”. The upper limit of life is determined in the atmosphere by the ozone layer (ozone is a type of oxygen) and passes at an altitude of 15-20 km. Above this layer, ultraviolet rays kill all living things. The lower boundary runs along the ocean floor, and on land – along the earth’s crust at depths of up to 3.5 km. The depths of the Earth are heated to 100 0 C or more, and at such temperatures life is impossible. Only some bacteria - inhabitants of hot volcanic springs - can withstand temperatures up to 92 0 C.

Guys, please answer the question: where does life exist? ( Life on the planet exists where there is for it the necessary conditions).

Let's remember these necessary conditions for the life of living organisms and then write them down in a notebook:

Temperature

Humidity

Pressure

Nutrients

Conditions on our planet are varied. And therefore living organisms have to adapt to life in different conditions. The entire living world is distributed among natural zones.

In some places a living organism may be too hot, in others too cold, in others too humid. Natural area is a territory with homogeneous climatic conditions.

The following natural areas exist:

• Arctic deserts
• Tundra
• Taiga
• Steppes
• Deserts and semi-deserts
• Mixed and broad-leaved forests

Next, our biological train sets off for station “Arctic Deserts”. Arctic... This word gives off an icy chill. The Arctic is the entire vast expanse of the Arctic Ocean, along with its seas and islands. There is an ice zone on the Arctic islands.

The sun in the Arctic never rises high above the horizon. Its rays barely glide over the surface of the earth, giving it very little heat. That is why here is the kingdom of ice and snow.

In winter there is a polar night in the Arctic. Sometimes there are auroras. Strong winds blow, blizzards often rage, temperatures drop to -60...

Representatives of Arctic deserts ( for example: white gull, walrus, polar bear, seal, polar poppy).

Few living creatures have adapted to life in difficult conditions. For example: Seals have a thick layer of fat under their skin that protects them from the cold. While resting on ice floes, seals often become prey for polar bears. The polar bear has white fur - this helps it to be unnoticed among the white ice of the Arctic, which helps to sneak up on the prey.

reaches 33m in length. Some pines can grow up to 40m. station “Tundra”. To the south of the ice zone, along the shores of the northern seas, there is a tundra zone. Natural conditions tundras are similar to the natural conditions of the Arctic, but less severe. Winter in the tundra is long and very harsh. Summer is short and cool. All year round Cold strong winds blow. During the short summer, the surface of the tundra thaws to a depth of about half a meter. And below is permafrost.

Representatives of the tundra ( for example: arctic fox, deer, polar owl, mountain hare, crowberry, dryad (partridge grass)). Tundra plants have tough, small leaves.

Why do you guys think?

(Such leaves prevent the evaporation of water by vegetation. The tundra soil thaws to a shallow depth, the water in it is very cold. Plants are not able to absorb cold water, therefore, even being in waterlogged soils, they constantly experience water hunger).

Tundra plants creep along the ground. Why? ( This device allows you to withstand strong winter winds (up to 40 m/sec), carrying snow and cutting off the top part of plants. The stems spreading along the ground are covered with snow and do not freeze).

Animals of the tundra are light in color. Why? ( In the tundra, winter lasts most of the year. There is deep white snow. Animals have light colors, which help predators sneak up on victims, and victims hide from predators. The animals' light fur blends with the white snow).

Next stop at Taiga station. The forest zone occupies more than half of the territory of Russia. In the northern part of the forest zone there is taiga.

Taiga is dense coniferous forests. They grow in the northern regions of Eurasia and North America, where there are harsh snowy winters and short summers.

Summers in the taiga are much warmer than in the tundra, but winters are very cold. There is also permafrost here. In coniferous forests there is always twilight, since the shaggy branches almost do not let the sun's rays through. The soil is covered with mosses and lichens, with few grasses and shrubs.

Taiga is famous for its spruce, pine, fir, cedar, larch - trees that have narrow and dense needles instead of leaves. Only these are also leaves that are not afraid of strong winds, and their dense leathery surface reliably protects from frost. Taiga animals have managed to adapt well to long periods of cold and severe frosts. To survive the harsh winter, the brown bear and some rodents hibernate. And animals such as elk and deer, which have extraordinary endurance, are capable of covering long distances in the most severe cold and finding food under the snow. Their wide hooves allow them to avoid falling into deep snow and move with less effort.

Representatives of the taiga ( for example: lynx, brown bear, wolf, elk).

Station “Mixed and broad-leaved forests”. Mixed forests grow in temperate regions. Here the winters are not too cold and the summers are warm. Precipitation occurs throughout the year. Mixed and deciduous forests consist of three tiers. Above are the crowns of trees (Scots pine, birch), below are shrubs (raspberry, elderberry, rowan, hazel), below are a variety of herbs, berries, mushrooms, ferns, horsetails, mosses.

Mixed forests are a haven for a wide variety of animals: bears, wolves, foxes, hares, hedgehogs, squirrels,

The next station is “Steppe”. To the south of the zone of mixed and deciduous forests, steppes begin - huge, flat spaces overgrown with tall grasses. There are no trees in the steppe because they lack moisture. The climate in the steppes is quite warm: hot, dry summers with rare rains and moderately cold, wet winters. There are no shelters from predators in the steppe. The burrowing lifestyle, widespread in the steppe, is the result of the lack of natural shelters.

Among the steppe animals there are many rodents that dig deep holes, where the animals escape the summer heat and winter cold. This gophers, hamsters, marmots. Gophers eat their fill in the summer and, having become very fat, go to bed for the whole winter. Hamsters make supplies for the winter (the supply reaches 15 kg of grain). In winter they wake up to eat. From the plant world they are widespread: feather grass, dwarf iris.

Station “Deserts and semi-deserts”. Deserts are common in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, subtropical and tropical zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Summer in the desert is very hot. The surface of the earth heats up to 70 degrees during the day, the nights are cool because sand and clay cool quickly. There is little precipitation. Sometimes there is not a drop of rain all summer.

Desert vegetation is well adapted to drought: the leaves of many plants have turned into thorns, evaporating a minimum of moisture, the roots are branched and very long. Various types of wormwood and saltwort predominate. One of the most famous plants of the desert is camel thorn. Its roots penetrate to a depth of almost 20 meters and extract water from there.

Deserts are characterized by fast-moving animals, which is associated with the search for water (watering holes are removed)). Due to the need for shelter from enemies and harsh climatic conditions, a number of animals have highly developed adaptations for digging in the sand. Desert animals are characterized by a protective “desert” coloring - yellow, light brown and gray tones,

Guys, what do you think? Why? (This makes many animals unnoticeable.)

Representatives of deserts and semi-deserts ( for example: camel, scorpion, tarantula, camel thorn, hodgepodge).

4. Fastening:

Teacher: Our journey has ended. Our magic train is on station "Terminal". You have to complete the task yourself (Annex 1).

Guys, what can be concluded about the topic of today's lesson? (Different natural zones are home to a variety of living organisms adapted to life in these conditions.)

5. Conclusion

Grading

Homework: paragraph 29 p.95, answer the questions.

The bacteria are very small. Their body consists of one cell. Bacteria are representatives of single-celled organisms. A bacterial cell DOES NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS. Scientists know of 2,500 species of bacteria. The word "bacteria" comes from Greek and means rod. But their shape is very diverse. The bacteria are very small. Their body consists of one cell. Bacteria are representatives of single-celled organisms. A bacterial cell DOES NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS. Scientists know of 2,500 species of bacteria. The word "bacteria" comes from Greek and means rod. But their shape is very diverse.

Multicellular organisms, unlike bacteria and protozoa, have bodies made up of many cells. There are multicellular: - fungi, - plants, - animals. Multicellular organisms, unlike bacteria and protozoa, have bodies made up of many cells. There are multicellular: - fungi, - plants, - animals.

The plant kingdom has about 350 thousand species. Plants are different from other multicellular organisms. Using energy, light, using oxygen, carbon dioxide and water, form nutrients. Mushrooms and animals consume only prepared food. Plants are divided into groups

Molecular
Cellular
Fabric
Organ
Organismal
Population-species
Biogeocenotic
Biosphere
Live nature
is difficult
organized
hierarchical system.
Scientists based on
features of manifestation
properties of living things are isolated
several levels
organization of living matter.

Molecular

DNA
Any living system, like
no matter how difficult it may be
organized,
carried out at the level
interaction
biological
macromolecules: nucleic
acids,
proteins,
poly
saccharides, as well as other
important
organic
substances. From this level
begin
the most important
processes
vital activity
body: metabolism and
transformation
energy,
broadcast
hereditary
information, etc.

Cellular

Cell
-
structural
And
functional unit, as well as
unit of reproduction and development
everyone
alive
organisms
living on Earth. Non-cellular
there are no forms of life, but existence
viruses only confirms this
rule, since they can
exhibit properties of living systems
only in cells.
First image of living cells: drawing
from Hooke's Micrographia (1665).
File:Cork Micrographia Hooke.png.
Material from Wikipedia - free
encyclopedias.

Fabric

Tissue is a collection of cells similar in structure
and intercellular substance, united by the fulfillment of a common
functions.

Organ

In most animals the organ
-
This
structural-functional
Union
several
types
fabrics.
For example, human skin
organ includes epithelium and
connective tissue, which
perform a whole series together
functions. Among them the most
significant - protective.
Human skin model

Organismal

White shark
The organism is
whole unicellular or
multicellular
live
system,
capable
To
independent
existence.
Multicellular
organism
educated
totality
fabrics
And
organs,
specialized
on
execution
various
functions.

Population-species

Totality
organisms
of the same type
united by a common place
habitat, creates a population
as a system of supraorganismal
order.
IN
this
system
are being implemented
protozoa,
elementary
evolutionary
transformations.

Biogeocenotic

Biogeocenosis - totality
organisms of different species and
various
difficulties
organizations with all factors
their specific habitat
- components of the atmosphere,
hydrosphere and lithosphere. He
includes: inorganic and
organic
substances,
autotrophic and heterotrophic
organisms. Main functions
biogeocenosis - accumulation and
energy redistribution.
Oak Grove

Biosphere

Biosphere - the highest
level of life organization
our planet, It is distinguished
living matter - totality
all living organisms, nonliving,
or inert, substance and bioinert
substance. Biomass of organisms,
living on land, 99.2%
presented
green
plants.
On
biosphere
level there is a cycle
substances and energy conversion,
related to life activities
everyone
alive
organisms
living on Earth.

Why is it so difficult to define the concept?
"life"?

Life is:

"Life has a way
existence of protein
bodies, essential
the moment of which
is constant
metabolism with
the external environment surrounding them
nature, and with
stopping this
metabolism
life ends,
that leads to
protein decomposition."
F. Engels (1820 – 1895)

Life is:

Open
self-regulating and
self-replicating
systems built from
biopolymers - proteins and
nucleic acids.
Mikhail Vladimirovich
Wolkenstein

1. Unity of chemical composition.
Complex
organic
substances:
-Proteins
- Fats
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic
acids

2. Structural unity
organizations.

3. Openness.
1. Food
2. Breathing
1. Selection

4. Metabolism and energy.
Metabolism
Anabolism
Assimilation
Plastic
exchange
Catabolism
Dissimilation
Energy
exchange

5. Self-regulation.
Homeostasis (ancient Greek ὁμοιοστάσις
from ὁμοιος - identical,
similar and στάσις - standing,
immobility) -
self-regulation, ability
open system save
constancy of one's inner
state through
coordinated reactions
aimed at maintaining
dynamic balance.
System aspiration
reproduce yourself
restore what was lost
balance, overcome
resistance of the external environment.

6. Self-reproduction
(reproduction).
What forms of reproduction occur in nature, how do they differ?

7. Development and growth.
ontogenesis.
Phylogeny –
evolution,
What is the difference between growth and development?

8. Irritability.
Irritability is a selective reaction to external
impact.
Reaction to irritation reflex.
The reflex is carried out
through the nervous system.

Phototaxis - movement towards light
Chemotaxis - movement along
in relation to concentration
chemical substances

9. Heredity and variability.
Heredity -
ability of organisms
convey your characteristics
and development features
posterity.
Variability -
diversity
signs among
representatives
of this type, also
property of descendants
different from
parent forms.

Fill the table
Levels
organizations
Molecular
Cellular
Organismal
Population-species
Biogeocenotic
Biosphere
Biological
system
Elements,
forming
system

1.
Molecular
2. Cellular
3.
Organismal
4.
Population-species
5. Biogeocenotic
6. Biosphere
Distribute these concepts according to
relevant levels of the organization
life:
A. Taiga,
B. nucleic acids,
V. neuron,
G. dandelion,
D. white hare,
E. water,
J. fly agaric,
Z. all living organisms of the Earth,
I. egg,
K. chamomile,
L. desert,
M. vitamins