In chickens, the early plumage trait dominates. In chickens, the early plumage trait "B" is dominant over the late plumage trait "c", and the speckled plumage "E" is dominant over the black plumage "e", crossed

At all times, keeping and breeding chickens has been a very popular activity. This is how it is now.

Like all living beings, these birds are susceptible to various diseases, which is one of the main problems of chicken farming. Ideally, it is better to prevent a disease than to treat it, and for this purpose preventive measures should be taken. But sometimes even they are not effective. Therefore, to successfully combat chicken diseases, both experienced and novice farmers must have a sufficient understanding of them.

This material covers most common diseases, which can affect chicken livestock: clinical picture, modern techniques diagnosis and treatment, as well as effective preventive measures.

How to recognize that a chicken is sick?

In order to recognize the disease in time, you should regularly inspect the chicken population and constantly monitor them.

Inspecting the bird you need to pay attention to:

If you do find pets that can be assumed to have some kind of disease - isolate them from others and keep watching. Ideally, you should take the animal to a veterinarian.

The main groups of diseases to which domestic chickens are susceptible

Diseases that affect chickens are divided into two large groups: contagious (transmitted from bird to bird) and non-contagious (not transmitted).

Pullorosis or typhus- a disease transmitted by airborne droplets. Affects birds of all age groups. The gastrointestinal tract suffers: the animal has a lack of appetite and constant thirst. The bird is apathetic and lethargic. The ridge sags and turns pale, and tachypnea (rapid breathing) is observed.

The main condition for the treatment of this pathology is a quick diagnosis. Sick chickens are given antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group (neomycin, biomycin) or penicillins (ampicillin) with water. Intramuscular administration of these drugs is possible.

For preventative purposes, hygiene should be maintained in the chicken coop. If an outbreak of pullorosis occurs, sick birds should be isolated and the chicken coop should be disinfected.

Pseudoplague (Newcastle disease)- a viral infection transmitted by airborne droplets. Sources of infection are sick animals, their food and water. The disease affects the nervous and respiratory systems, and the gastrointestinal tract. The bird has poor coordination of movements (shaky gait, constantly falls on its stomach), mucus accumulates in the mouth. The chicken is forced to breathe with its beak open, and distant wheezing is heard when breathing. No appetite, profuse diarrhea.

This disease cannot be cured. Chickens with such symptoms should be immediately isolated, killed and burned.

If this is not done, then you can lose your entire chicken population. To prevent pseudoplague, it is necessary to timely disinfect the chicken coop and vaccinate the birds.

A viral pathology that often affects domestic chickens. Its main symptom is the presence of ulcers on the skin (pockmarks). Infection occurs through contact. The source may be:

• a sick laying hen or other pet,
• feed,
• water.

The target of the virus is the cornea and internal organs. The main condition is to start treatment at the initial stage of the disease. External lesions are treated with antiseptics: boric acid solution or furatsilin. Tetracycline is added to food for 7-10 days. If the disease could not be recognized on initial stage, then all infected birds must be disposed of.

Salmonellosis- the causative agents of this infection are pathogenic strains of Salmonella. Progressing rapidly, the disease affects all chicken organs. Laying hens become infected through feed and water. The main symptom of this disease is profuse, loose and foamy stools. Sick animals are lethargic, there is no appetite, but there is thirst. The joints of the limbs are swollen.

If domestic chickens suffer from salmonellosis, eating raw eggs is strictly prohibited, since they are the main source of human infection with salmonellosis. These bacteria die only after prolonged heat treatment.

Treatment of this infectious pathology is carried out within 21 days. At this time, furazolidone is added to the chickens' drink. Streptomycin can be given with food. To prevent the spread of infection, sick individuals must be isolated. It is necessary to treat the chicken coop with disinfectants. To avoid salmonellosis, birds must be vaccinated.

Tuberculosis- a bacterial infection transmitted by airborne droplets. Caused by human and avian strains of Mycobacteria. The disease occurs when birds are kept in unsanitary conditions. A sick laying hen is lethargic, drowsy, with a pale comb. An important sign is the absence of eggs. Animals are actively losing weight.

It is not possible to cure this infection, so sick animals must be disposed of. For preventive purposes, it is necessary to constantly maintain cleanliness in the chicken coop.

Ornithosis (psittacosis)- a particularly dangerous disease that affects the nervous, respiratory and digestive systems of chickens. Poultry become infected through airborne droplets or the fecal-oral route. They lose their appetite and become emaciated, defecating liquid droppings. The main symptom is heavy, hoarse breathing and feathers sticking together. Also, the following sign may indicate ornithosis: mucus is released from the bird’s nose.

Treatment consists of watering the birds with water containing potassium permanganate and antibiotic therapy with tetracycline or fluoroquinolone drugs. Contact but apparently healthy chickens should also be given antibiotics for two days as a preventive measure. The chicken coop and all equipment must be disinfected.

Colinfection (colisepticemia) - a disease caused by Escherichia coli bacteria. The disease occurs due to non-compliance with the sanitary and hygienic regime in the place where chickens are kept. A laying hen can also become infected through feed of questionable quality. An alarming symptom is lethargy and loss of appetite against the background of increasing thirst. Breathing is hoarse and heavy. Characteristic sign co-infections - a significant increase in body temperature.

Treatment consists of timely diagnosis and immediate antibiotic therapy. For these purposes, furazolidone and ampicillin are used.

Chicken flu- a viral disease that affects the respiratory and digestive systems. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets. The main symptom is difficult to identify. A sick laying hen becomes lethargic, loses her appetite, and her earrings and comb turn blue. Along with this, difficult noisy breathing and significant loosening of the stool are observed. There is no cure for this infection! Sick birds are destroyed.

Coccidiosis- a disease caused by protozoan coccidia, sparing neither adults nor young individuals. Chickens can not only get sick, but also be asymptomatic carriers of the infection. The disease affects the gastrointestinal tract and its main symptom is loose, bloody stools. In addition, loss of appetite and general asthenia of animals are observed. Birds become infected through poor-quality food. When the first symptoms appear, the disease spreads like lightning. If measures are not taken, the entire livestock may die. Therefore, animals with manifestations of coccidiosis should be isolated as quickly as possible.

To prevent coccidiosis in the chicken coop, it is necessary to maintain a sanitary and hygienic regime and avoid dampness. Pet food must meet the required quality standards.

Helminthiasis

A group of diseases that are caused by helminths (worms). They are classified as contagious diseases.

At an early stage, the disease responds well to treatment with phenothiazine. In advanced stages, treatment does not make sense.

Cestodosis- a disease caused by a tapeworm. Its symptoms include seizures and weight loss. Infection occurs through poor quality food. The drug Filixan is used for treatment.

They are considered contagious, but pose less danger than infectious ones. Their treatment almost always ends in recovery, but if they are ignored, the sick animal may die. Infection occurs through contact of chickens with sick brothers.

Ringworm- affects the feather cover and skin of birds. Pale yellow lesions appear on the comb and catkins. Later, feathers begin to fall off and stool upset occurs, then body weight rapidly drops. Unfortunately, there is no point in treating this disease. A preventive measure is to keep the bird house clean.

Aspergillosis- a disease caused by mold and affecting the respiratory tract.

• Chickens cough and sneeze, their breathing is noisy.
• Nasal discharge and bloody excrement appear.

This pathology can be cured with copper sulfate, which must be added to the water and food of birds for several days.

Effective and quite old is method of treating chickens' homes with dust. But this is a dubious method, because due to its toxicity, dust can cause the death of animals.

You can get a more clear and complete picture of chicken diseases, their prevention and treatment by watching this video.

Where A And With– number of recombinants of each type,
n– total number of offspring,
x– distance between genes in morganids.

Problem 6-18

In chickens, the early plumage trait (E) dominates the late plumage trait (e), and the pockmarked plumage (B) dominates the black plumage (b). Genes B and E are linked and show 20% crossing over. A homozygous early-fledged black hen is crossed with a heterozygous rooster. What kind of offspring will be produced by crossing?

Problem 6-19

If we assume that genes A and B are linked and the crossover between them is 20%, then what gametes and in what quantitative ratio will the diheterozygote produce?

Problem 6-20

The distance between genes C and D is 4.6 morganids. Determine the percentage of gametes of each type: CD, cd, Cd and cD produced by the diheterozygous organism.

Problem 6-21

In corn, smooth seeds (S) dominate over wrinkled ones (s), and colored ones (C) dominate over colorless ones (c). The S and C genes are located on the same autosome at a distance of 3.6 morganids. Establish what types of gametes and in what ratio will be formed in plants that are diheterozygous for these traits.

Problem 6-22

If we assume that genes A and B are linked and the distance between them is 8 morganids, and gene C is in another linkage group, then what kind of gametes and in what quantity will the triheterozygote and .

Chromosome mapping

To compile chromosome maps calculate the mutual distance between individual pairs of genes and then determine the location of these genes relative to each other.

So, for example, if three genes are arranged in the following order: A B C, then the distance between genes A and C (percentage of recombinations) will be equal to the sum of the distances (percentage of recombinations) between pairs of genes AB and BC.

If the genes are arranged in order: A C B, then the distance between genes A and C will be equal to the difference in distances between pairs of genes AB and CB.

Problem 6-23

Genes A, B and C are in the same linkage group. Between genes A and B, crossing over occurs with a frequency of 7.4%, and between genes B and C - with a frequency of 2.9%. Determine the relative position of genes A, B and C if the distance between genes A and C is equal to 10.3% of crossing over units. How will the relative position of these genes change if the frequency of crossing over between genes A and C is 4.5%?

1. According to the conditions of the problem, the distance from gene A to gene C (10.3 M) is equal to the sum of the distances between genes A and B (2.9 M) and genes B and C (7.4 M), therefore, gene B is located between genes A and C and the location of the genes is as follows: A B C.
2. If the distance from gene A to gene C was equal to the difference in distances between pairs of genes AB and BC (4.5 = 7.4 - 2.9), then the genes would be located in the following sequence: A C B. And in this case, the distance between extreme genes would be equal to the sum of the distances between intermediate ones: AB = AC + CB.

Problem 6-24

When analyzing the crossing of the triheterozygote AaBbCc, organisms corresponding to the following types of gametes were obtained:

ABC – 47.5% abc – 47.5% Abc – 1.7% aBC – 1.7% ABC – 0.8% abC – 0.8%

Construct a map of this chromosome region.

1. A test cross segregation close to 1:1 indicates that all three pairs of genes are on the same chromosome.
2. The distance between genes A and B is: 1.7 + 1.7 = 3.4 M.
3. The distance between genes B and C is: 0.8 + 0.8 = 1.6 M.
4. Gene B is located between genes A and C. The distance between genes A and C is: 1.7 + 1.7 + 0.8 + 0.8 = 5.0 M.
5. Map of a chromosome region:

Answers and solutions to problems in Chapter VI

6-1. a) AB CD EF, ab cd ef, AB cd ef, ab CD EF, ab CD ef, AB cd EF, AB CD ef, ab cd EF;
b) ABC D EF, abc D ef, ABC D ef, abc D EF;
c) ABCDEF and abcdef.

6-2. a) Gametes AB and ab will be formed;

b) gametes Ab and aB will be formed.

6-3. Since genes can be located on chromosomes in a cis or trans position, this problem has 4 solution options, in each of which 4 types of gametes are formed.

6-4. 50% of children will be multifingered, 50% will inherit cataracts.

6-5. The genotype of a man can be or, so the problem has two solutions. In the first case, 50% of children will have both anomalies, 50% will be healthy. In the second, half of the children will suffer from elliptocytosis, half from cataracts.

6-6. 25% of children will have cataracts, elliptocytosis and polydactylism, 25% will be healthy, 25% each will have cataracts and elliptocytosis or polydactylosis.

6-7. All F 1 hybrids will have lobed eyes and a short body. The following phenotypes will be observed in the offspring of F 2: lobed eyes, short body; lobed eyes, normal body; round eyes, normal body in a ratio of 1:2:1.

6-8. Explanation in the text.

6-9. Explanation in the text.

6-10. Along with the gametes AB and ab, which will be the majority, a certain number of gametes will be produced
Ab and aB.

6-11. This organism will produce gametes:

(not crossover)

the gene for early ripeness of wheat dominates the gene for late ripeness as a result of crossing two plants, a 1:1 split was obtained

1. Name the genotypes of the parents
2. Name the genotypes of the parents if the splitting is 3:1
3. Phenotypes of parents if the offspring are the same.

In chickens, black plumage color (B) dominates over red (c), and the presence of a comb (H) dominates over its absence (n). Dominant genes are linked in pairs. Red

A rooster without a comb was crossed with a black hen with a comb. Half of the offspring have a crest, half with black plumage, half with red. Determine the genotypes of parents and chicks, was there any crossing over?
WITH DECISION!!!

1. In figured pumpkins, the white color of the fruit (A) dominates over the yellow one (a), and the disc-shaped one (B) dominates over the spherical one (b). What will F1 and F2 look like from

crossing a homozygous white ball pumpkin with a homozygous yellow disc pumpkin.
2. In mice, long ears are inherited as a dominant trait, and short ears are inherited as a recessive trait. A male with long ears was crossed with a female with short ears. In F1, all the offspring turned out to have long ears. Determine the genotype of the male
3. In humans, the polydactyly allele (6 fingers) dominates over the normal five-fingered hand. In a family where one parent has a six-fingered hand and the other has a normal hand structure, a child was born with a normal hand. Determine the probability of having a second child without an anomaly. Please really need to decide

1) The gene for the black color of cattle dominates over the gene for the red color, and the white-headed gene dominates over the gene for solid head color. what kind of offspring

can be obtained from crossing a heterozygous black bull with a solid head color with a red, white-headed cow if the latter is heterozygous for white-headedness. The genes for both traits are located on different chromosomes.

2) the oat resistance gene to smut dominates over the gene for susceptibility to this disease. what kind of offspring will be obtained from crossing homozygous immune individuals with plants affected by smut.

3) the gene for giant oat growth is recessive; the gene for normal growth is dominant. what plants need to be crossed to get offspring of uniform growth.

4) in dogs, the gene for black coat color is dominant over the gene for brown coat color. the black female was bred several times with the brown male. In total, 15 black and 13 brown puppies were received. determine the genotypes of parents and offspring.

5) in wheat, the dwarfism gene dominates over the normal growth gene. what are the genotypes of the original forms if 3/4 of the plants in the offspring turned out to be dwarf.

Please help me decide.

What deviations in normal behavior and external condition indicate illness? Many diseases are characterized by a rapid progression, which leads to the death of livestock. To avoid this, it is necessary to inspect the herd daily for alarming symptoms. So, diseases of laying hens and their treatment, photos and descriptions of ailments - it’s worth talking about this in order to know what actions to take in a certain situation.

What should you pay attention to?

Diseases of laying hens can be cured at home if the symptoms are identified in time. First of all, the following general symptoms appear:

• the bird becomes lethargic;
• spends most of the time on a perch;
• does not want to move and sits with his eyes closed;
• the apathetic state is replaced by excitement and anxiety;
• difficulty breathing, the bird may make sounds that are not typical for it.

If the following symptoms are detected, you must immediately begin treatment:

• the appearance of mucous discharge;
• the presence of inflammatory processes near the visual organs or respiratory system;
• the condition of the feather cover deteriorates, feathers may fall out and look sloppy and dirty;
• digestive system disorder - birds begin to have diarrhea.

Characteristics of diseases

Everything is not so simple here, and not every disease can be treated. With some infections, you can lose your entire livestock. It is because of this that such ailments must be taken seriously.

Pullorosis

The disease has another name - typhus. Both adult birds and young birds are susceptible; the first sign is a disorder of the digestive system. It is transmitted by airborne droplets from sick individuals to healthy ones. Sick laying hens transmit the virus to their eggs, and as a result, infected young are born. The disease is characterized by an acute course (at first), then a chronic form begins, which chickens suffer from throughout their lives.

Symptoms:

• chickens become lethargic and move little;
• they refuse food, diarrhea begins, the bird experiences extreme thirst;
• the color of the stool becomes yellowish, foamy;
• rapid breathing;
• weakness is observed in young animals, chickens fall on their backs or sit on their paws;
• in adult livestock, changes in the color of the comb are observed, earrings become pale;
• complete exhaustion of the body occurs.

Treatment methods

An accurate diagnosis can be made only with the help of a biological preparation containing pullorosis antigen. If the disease is detected, treatment should be started immediately.

As soon as the first signs appear, sick birds must be transferred to a separate room and given an antibiotic. Most often, treatment is carried out with biomycin or neomycin. These medications are sold exclusively in veterinary pharmacies, you can also consult about application there. It would be useful to use furazolidone for both sick and healthy animals; it is added to the feed.

Preventive measures

Daily inspection of the livestock is necessary in order to promptly cull sick young or adult birds. In the bird room, sanitary and hygienic conditions must be observed. Systematically ventilate the poultry house.

It is important to know! Typhoid is transmitted to people.

Pasteurellosis

Bird cholera (second name) affects both domestic and wild birds. It has two forms: acute and chronic. Spread by a microorganism - pasteurella, which is very well adapted to the conditions external environment. Pasteurella retains the ability to survive in excrement, aquatic environments, feed, and corpses. Carriers can be birds that have recently suffered from the disease or are currently ill. Bird cholera also spreads among rodents.

Symptoms:

• depression, immobility;
• birds have an elevated temperature;
• refusal to feed and at the same time strong thirst;
• a malfunction of the digestive system is characterized by diarrhea;
• liquid stool may be green and mixed with blood;
• mucous discharge from the nasal cavity;
• breathing problems, wheezing is heard;
• the joints of the limbs swell and become bent.

Treatment methods

Treatment is carried out with sulfa drugs. Sulfamethazine is mixed with water or feed at the rate of 0.1% of the total volume of water and 0.5% of the feed. Both healthy and sick birds should be given large quantities green grass and vitamin complexes. Treat the bird room and all equipment with disinfectants.

Preventive measures

The owner must take measures to exterminate rodents and close all available routes for their access to the bird food. Before placing eggs in the incubator, they must be disinfected.

Sick birds must be destroyed. To maintain healthy livestock, timely vaccination against cholera is carried out.

It is important to know! The disease is transmitted to people, usually in an acute form.

Salmonellosis

The disease is otherwise called paratyphoid. There are two types of course: acute and chronic. Chickens are most often affected by the disease. The causative agent of the disease is salmonella. Method of transmission: from sick individuals to healthy ones; incubation material may also be affected. Salmonella can easily penetrate the shell; they can also be in feed, droppings, or transmitted by air. As soon as symptoms are detected, affected stock must be isolated and treatment initiated. Paratyphoid fever is contagious and extremely dangerous.

Symptoms

• birds become lethargic and weak;
• have difficulty breathing;
• tumors appear on the eyelids, the eyes become watery;
• indigestion in the form of foamy diarrhea;
• the joints of the limbs swell, with paratyphoid fever the bird falls over on its back, convulsive movements of the paws begin;
• the area near the cloaca is inflamed, as well as the beginning of inflammatory processes in the internal organs.

Treatment methods

Paratyphoid fever is treated with furazolidone; the course must be completed for 20 days. The tablet is dissolved in 3 liters of water and poured into the drinking bowl. A course of streptomycin of 100 thousand units per kg of feed, twice a day, is jointly prescribed. Treatment should not last less than 10 days. Then stop giving the medicine for one week and repeat the course.

Preventive measures

To maintain health, immune serum is used for vaccination. As soon as the treatment is completed, disinfection measures are carried out in the bird rooms, and all equipment is also processed.

Birds that have recovered from the disease become carriers of paratyphoid fever and can transmit it to healthy livestock; it is best to exterminate such birds. If salmonellosis is detected in at least one chicken, the rest are given syntomycin at the rate of 15 ml per head or chloramphenicol is used. The dose is divided into several servings. The dacha occurs three times a day – 7 days.

It is important to know! The disease is transmitted to people and has an acute form.

It is a very common disease. Neurolyphotosis or infectious paralysis (Marek's name) is caused by a virus that affects the central nervous system and organs of vision. Tumors form on the skin, skeletal bones, and internal organs. When infected with Marek, the functioning of the musculoskeletal system is disrupted.

Symptoms:

• refusal of feed, signs of general exhaustion;
• the iris of the eye changes color;
• constriction of the pupil occurs, often leading to blindness;
• there is pallor of the comb, earrings, mucous membranes;
• disruption of the musculoskeletal system;
• paralyzes goiter;
• the bird is practically unable to move, and obvious lameness is visible.

Treatment methods

To establish a diagnosis, you need to consult a veterinarian. There is no treatment and the livestock must be destroyed. Viru is dangerous because it has vitality and can exist for a long time in the follicles of feathers.

Preventive measures

It is necessary to vaccinate day-old young animals; this is the only thing that will help prevent infection. There is no point in vaccinating adult livestock; there will be no positive result. Before buying young animals, you must familiarize yourself with the veterinary certificate of vaccination.

It is important to know! There is no threat to people; not a single case has been identified.

Infectious bronchitis

The respiratory system is primarily affected in young animals, while in adult animals the reproductive organs are affected. Egg production declines and in some cases stops forever.

The virion virus is the causative agent. It can continue to live in chicken eggs and internal tissues. The virion can be easily treated with ultraviolet irradiation and a number of disinfectants. The method of transmission is airborne droplets, as well as through bedding and work tools. As soon as infectious bronchitis is detected, quarantine measures will have to be introduced on the farm for a year. The disease is extremely dangerous for nearby poultry farms. The death rate of the herd is 70%.

Symptoms:

• the chickens begin to cough and have difficulty breathing;
• mucous discharge from the nasal cavity, rhinitis;
• in some cases, conjunctivitis is observed in birds;
• young animals refuse food and huddle closer to heat sources;
• The kidneys and ureters are affected - along with this, diarrhea begins, and the bird itself looks depressed.

Treatment methods

As soon as the diagnosis of “infectious bronchitis” is made, quarantine is introduced due to the incurability of the disease. A ban is introduced on the movement of products obtained from birds and for sale. Regular disinfection of all premises where chickens were kept is carried out. Spraying aerosols containing chlorine turpentine, Lugol's solution, aluminum iodide, etc.

Preventive measures

Hatching material must be obtained from healthy stock. If chickens were purchased from a poultry farm or from a private breeder, they must be quarantined for 10 days (the time for the latent form of the disease to develop). Vaccination helps prevent the development of the disease. It is necessary to vaccinate breeding birds before laying begins.

Colibacillosis

Colinfection occurs not only in laying hens, but also in other birds kept on the farm. The disease occurs due to pathogenic E. coli. At the very beginning, internal organs are affected. With a poor unbalanced diet, unsanitary conditions in the premises for birds, as well as in walking areas, it leads to the development of kaolibacteriosis. The acute course is typical for young animals, the chronic form is typical for adults.

Symptoms:

• refusal to eat, strong desire to drink;
• the bird is lethargic, indifferent to what is happening;
• temperature rises;
• difficulty breathing, wheezing is heard;
• the peritoneum becomes inflamed and there may be diarrhea.

Treatment methods

It is necessary to carry out an accurate diagnosis. Treatment is carried out using antibiotics: terramycin, biomycin, which are mixed with food. Spraying of sulfadimezine, an addition to the diet of multivitamins, is used.

Preventive measures

Compliance with sanitary and hygienic procedures, freshness and balancing of the diet.

It is important to know! The disease is transmitted to people, most often in acute form.

Mycoplasmosis

It is a chronic respiratory disease, perhaps both in chickens and in adult flocks. Mycoplasma causes disease and is a special form of life located between the kingdoms of viruses and bacteria.

Symptoms

• difficulty breathing, wheezing, the bird sneezes and coughs;
• mucus and liquid discharge from the nasal cavity;
• the membrane of the organs of vision becomes inflamed, redness is visible;
• Some birds experience indigestion.

Treatment methods

Before starting treatment, it is necessary to accurately diagnose the disease. Unhealthy livestock must be destroyed. For mild depletion or conditional health of the individual, antibiotics are used. It is necessary to introduce oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline into the diet at the rate of 0.4 g per 1 kg of food for 7 days. Then a three-day pass is made and the treatment is repeated. It is acceptable to take other medications.

Preventive measures

On the 3rd day after birth, the chickens need to be given a thylan solution (0.5 g/l, water for 3 days). It is recommended to repeat prophylaxis every 56 days. The bird house is equipped with good natural ventilation or install additional equipment.

It is important to know! The disease does not harm a person. A person has a different type of mycoplasmosis. The chicken form is distributed exclusively between birds.

Smallpox

Symptoms

• identifying general weakness and signs of exhaustion;
• difficulty swallowing;
• the air from the bird's lungs has an unpleasant odor;
• the presence of red spots on the skin, they then unite and become yellow-gray;
• the appearance of scabs on the skin.

Treatment methods

Treatment can only be successful if it is carried out at the onset of the disease. Skin with lesions is wiped with furatsilin in the form of a solution (3-5%) or boric acid (2%), the use of galazolin is recommended. For internal use, biomycin, terramycin, tetracycline are used for 7 days. A sick herd must be destroyed to prevent the disease from spreading.

Preventive measures

Strictly comply with hygiene and sanitary requirements. Carry out regular cleaning and disinfection measures in bird rooms, and you also need to process equipment.

It is important to know! The disease is not dangerous for people.

Newcastle disease

Characterized by damage to the central nervous system, respiratory system, and digestive system. Newcastle disease is also called pseudoplague or atypical plague. You can get infected through sick or recently ill individuals, food, water, droppings. Transmitted by air. Most often, the disease occurs in young chickens; in adult flocks, no symptoms are observed with pseudoplague.

Symptoms

• temperature increase;
• the bird is sleepy;
• mucus accumulates in the oral and nasal cavities;
• the chickens begin to spin, head shaking is noticed;
• the bird falls on its side, its head is thrown back;
• the functioning of the musculoskeletal system is impaired;
• there is no swallowing reflex;
• bluish-colored comb.

Treatment methods

There is no cure. The death of the livestock occurs after three days, in some cases it is 100%. If a diagnosis of Newcastle disease is made, it is better to destroy the herd.

Preventive measures

Sanitary standards must be strictly observed. In some cases, vaccination can be saved. There are three types of vaccines containing live, laboratory-attenuated, live, naturally attenuated, and inactivated pathogens.

Destroyed birds or those killed by pseudoplague must be burned or buried in special places throwing quicklime over the corpses.

It is important to know! The disease is dangerous for people and has an acute form.

This disease is viral, primarily affecting the gastric and respiratory systems. It has a severe course and leads to mass death of livestock. Chickens have special immunity up to the 20th day of life.

Symptoms

• heat;
• diarrhea;
• the earrings and comb have a bluish color;
• the bird is lethargic, sleepy;
• difficulty breathing, wheezing is heard.

Treatment methods

There is no treatment; as soon as signs of the disease appear, the herd must be slaughtered. The corpses are burned or buried in cattle burial grounds at great depths and covered with quicklime.

Preventive measures

Strict compliance sanitary standards, as well as regular work on disinfection of bird rooms and inventory tools. As soon as avian influenza is detected, the bird is rejected and subject to slaughter.

It is important to know! It poses a great danger to people due to its ability to mutate. Can develop in the human body.

Gumboro disease

It is a dangerous viral infection that most often affects chickens up to 20 weeks of age. The bursa of Fabricius and the lymphatic system become inflamed, and hemorrhages occur in the muscles and stomach. In addition, the immune system suffers, which is why there is a high mortality rate.

Symptoms

• the disease has no obvious characteristic signs;
• diarrhea, the cloaca may be pecked;
• Temperatures within normal limits in some cases decrease.

Treatment methods

The disease is incurable, death of livestock within 4 days. As a rule, diagnosis occurs posthumously. The destroyed livestock is buried in a specially designated place, covered with quicklime, or burned.

Preventive measures

Sanitation must be strictly observed. The purchased livestock must be quarantined.

It is important to know! Does not pose a danger to people.

Laryngotracheitis

It is an acute infectious disease. Happens not only to laying hens, but also to other poultry. The larynx and trachea become inflamed, and in some cases there may be conjunctivitis. The method of transmission is airborne. Birds that have been ill and have recovered develop immunity for a long period of time, but laying hens continue to be carriers for several more years.

Symptoms

• difficulty breathing;
• inflammation of the mucous membranes;
• decreased egg productivity;
• conjunctivitis.

Treatment methods

When the form is advanced, treatment methods do not produce results. With the help of tromexine, the condition of sick birds can be alleviated. The drug is dissolved with water 2g/l on the first day, 1g/l thereafter. The course lasts until recovery occurs, but should not be less than five days.

Prevention measures

Compliance with sanitary conditions. Carrying out vaccinations. Placement of acquired livestock into quarantine premises.

It is important to know! It poses no danger to people.

Invasive diseases

• heterokidosis;
• defeat by downy feather eaters;
• ascariasis;
• coccidiosis;
• knemycodosis.

Coccidiosis

Symptoms

The symptoms of coccidiosis are similar to an intestinal infection. The bird begins to refuse feed, and diarrhea may occur. In feces green color, there may be bloody clots. Individuals quickly lose weight, experience anemia, and egg production disappears. After some time, positive changes in the birds' health begin, but then the signs return.

Treatment methods

Antimicrobial drugs are used for treatment. The most commonly prescribed are the nitrofuran series or sulfonamides. This is done by a veterinarian.

Heteracidosis

Symptoms

There are no clearly defined signs.

Treatment methods

Ascariasis

Also caused by nematode.

Symptoms

Leads to weight loss and exhaustion. Egg productivity indicators are decreasing. In some cases, there is bloody oral discharge and diarrhea.

Treatment methods

The use of anthelmintic agents and deworming of livestock.

Down-eaters

Symptoms

When infected, there is a decrease in appetite, weight loss, and lack of egg production.

Prevention measures

The device of dry bathing suits, in which a mixture of dust, sand and ash is placed. This mixture can also be poured into the chicken coop.

It is important to carry out disinfection measures, treat equipment and premises for birds.

Knemidocosis

The disease is caused by feather mites.

Symptoms

Most often they live among the feathers on the limbs. Chickens actively peck at these places, after which swelling occurs in the legs. In addition, at the site of pecking, damage is formed, on which crusts grow over time.

Treatment

It is necessary to treat the livestock, and the sooner the better. First of all, treatment is carried out with stomazan and neocidon. Treatment is external only.

If signs of a secondary infection appear in the pecked area, it is necessary to begin treatment with antibacterial drugs.

Other diseases

This list of diseases is far from complete. There are diseases that are directly related to the wrong approach to feeding. These include:

• gastritis;
• inflammatory processes in the goiter;
• uric acid diathesis

The goiter can become inflamed because foreign objects or spoiled food get there. It also occurs with a lack of vitamin A. To begin treatment, it is necessary to identify the original source.

If a foreign object is found, surgical intervention will be required. If the reason is different, then the bird is prescribed a therapeutic diet, milk or flaxseed decoction is given, potassium permanganate is used to wash the crop, and soda is added to the shelves in the form of a five percent solution. Treatment is carried out until complete recovery occurs.

If uric acid diathesis (gout) occurs, a diet that does not contain proteins is necessary. By the way, mainly adult birds are susceptible to the disease.

The feed should contain a lot of green feed, carotene and vitamin A. Their deficiency is very easy to recognize. It manifests itself in paralysis of the limbs, refusal to feed, sitting motionless in one place, and the goiter or intestines may become inflamed.

Gastritis is diagnosed by signs such as the presence of ruffled feathers, diarrhea and a weakened state of the bird. For treatment, a diet, hemp seed tincture, and a weak solution of manganese are used. Fresh green food and vegetables are used as a preventive measure.

Another common disease that occurs due to improper feeding or lack of vitamins is salpingitis (inflammatory processes in the oviduct).

The most important symptom is egg products that have an irregular shape, lack of shell, and then the ability to lay eggs disappears.

Treatment consists of normalizing the diet, supplementing with vitamins, and monitoring the hens so that the matter does not end with prolapse of the oviduct. If this happens, you need to call a veterinarian who will put it back in place.

Proper feeding of quality food helps prevent alopecia (severe feather loss that is not associated with feather mites).

Video. Chicken diseases