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Since the collective farm was a collective enterprise, its members were partners obliged to share the income among themselves. Each person's share was calculated according to workdays - essentially a piecework system in which the peasant was paid depending on the time worked and the level of skill required to complete assigned tasks. Field work was assessed at the lowest rate, further on this scale were livestock breeders, tractor drivers, foremen and, at the highest point, chairmen 64 .
The principle of payment according to workdays was unpopular among peasants who nurtured the idea of egalitarian distribution, i.e. payment by yard, differentiated only depending on the size of the yard. Most collective farms began in the early years with equal distribution, and the transition to payment by workdays met with very significant resistance. Despite the clear instructions of the Charter of the agricultural artel, even in 1936 and 1937. There were also, according to reports, collective farms that distributed income between households “according to the eaters.” In addition, if earnings were calculated based on workdays - i.e. depending on the work done by an individual collective farmer, they were usually issued not to an individual, but to the yard. In Central Russia they wrote about this not only in the 30s, but also in the 50s. 65.
On average, a collective farm member earned 197 workdays in 1937, or 438 workdays per yard*56. However, the accrual of workdays to different collective farmers varied greatly. 21% of collective farmers earned less than 51 workdays in 1937, 15% - 51 - 100 workdays, 25% - 101-200, 18% - 201-300, 11% - 301-400 and 9% - more than 400 workdays 67.
Firstly, different jobs were valued differently: the working day of the chairman was worth more than the working day of the average collective farmer (1.75 - 2.00 versus 1.3 workdays); in addition, the chairman was considered to work all days of the year, while field workers were paid only for the days they actually went into the field. In 1937, the average collective farmer (both male and female) received payment for 19 days of work in January and 20 days in July, while the chairman invariably received payment for 30-31 days per month 68 .
Secondly, the difference in payment also depended on the fact that the degree of participation of the collective farmer in general work. This was a matter of concern for the authorities, who did everything in their power to cope with the two main reasons for the small participation in the work of the collective farm: men's labor and women's employment on plots. Of the total number of collective farmers of working age, which amounted to almost 20 million people in the Soviet Union in 1937, 7 million worked less than 50 workdays. The reasons for such minimal participation in work on the collective farm were that women could afford to stay at home or considered it more profitable to work on their plots. Even those of them who earned a significant number of workdays worked on the collective farm only during the busiest times. In winter, as noted earlier, the ratio of men and women working on the collective farm was 2:1 69.
Despite all calls to the contrary, a custom reigned in the peasant family, according to which, if both husband and wife were ordinary collective farmers, the husband spent more time on the collective farm fields, and the wife on the plot. In 1939, they tried to force women to work on the collective farm by introducing a minimum workday.
But, as the All-Union Agricultural Newspaper wrote with indignation, collective farmers, for example in the Saratov region, believed that “if the husband works well, then the wife need not work at all, because he alone will work the minimum workday for both himself and his wife. Therefore, here most of the wives of tractor drivers, foremen and some members of the board still do not work on the collective farm, but are engaged exclusively in their personal farming...” According to another report of collective farmers who went to work for the first time, other women were mockingly called “cowardly crows, frightened of the decree.” 70.
In the 30s workdays were paid mainly in kind (grain, potatoes and other food products), although theoretically collective farms were supposed to make both in-kind and cash payments. It was strictly forbidden to give collective farmers payment in kind (“advance payment”) after the harvest until the assignments for state supplies were completed. Since these tasks were large, in a lean year the collective farm had little grain left to distribute.
Amounts of payments in kind per workday during the 30s. increased. In 1932, the average Soviet collective farm produced 2.3 kg of grain per workday, and in 1937 (the most productive of the decade) - almost 4 kg, not counting potatoes, peas and other products, which were also distributed according to workdays. Thus, in 1937, the collective farm household received on average 1,636 kg of grain for workdays, or approximately a kilogram per day for each family member. The problem was that there could be a monstrous difference in the payment of workdays depending on the fertility of the region, crop yields, the amount of obligatory supplies and the productivity of the collective farm. Thus, the Pugachev collective farm in Bashkiria produced 8 kg of grain per workday in 1937. However, the year before, when there was a crop failure in many regions, the collective farms of the Leningrad region produced less than a third of a kilogram of grain per workday 71 .
As for cash payments, according to official data, the average collective farmer received a total of 108 rubles for the year. in 1932 and 376 rubles. in 1937. But even here there were huge differences among regions and collective farms. Many collective farms did not issue cash at all for workdays, and not only in the event of a temporary economic crisis, as, for example, in the Non-Black Earth Region in 1936. A similar thing happened in some collective farms in fertile agricultural regions after a bountiful harvest in 1937. In 1940, 12% All Soviet collective farms were not given cash for workdays. In the Tambov region this figure was 26%, in the Ryazan region - 41%72.
Cash payments to collective farmers were so small because the chairmen and boards of collective farms often found other uses for the collective farm income. An indivisible collective farm fund, intended mainly to finance collective farm construction
government and the purchase of livestock and agricultural machinery, provided a lot of opportunities, for many chairmen much more attractive than legal payment for the work of collective farmers. For example, it could be used to pay salaries to the chairman and accountant (see Chapter 7), or it could be used to hire work force, either in case of a real shortage of hands, or to free up collective farm members for other activities.
According to the Charter of the agricultural artel, annual contributions to the indivisible fund of the collective farm were to amount to 10 - 20% of its cash income. Recognizing that in practice this figure was often exceeded and the funds left for cash payments to collective farmers for workdays were completely insufficient, the government resorted to new tactics: the 1938 decree “On the improper distribution of income on collective farms” required that at least 60% of the total cash income of the collective farm was used to pay for the workdays of collective farmers, and repeated previous instructions, according to which no more than 2% could go to “administrative and internal expenses” (mainly cash payments to the collective farm administration). However, it is clear that this prescription, like the previous ones, was often ignored 73.
As collective farms prospered, especially in the south, by the end of the 30s. Reports began to multiply of their attempts to break out of the confines of the cooperative structure and move towards a kind of rural capitalist labor market.
In addition to the collective farm chairmen, who made constant efforts to obtain a monthly salary for themselves, all other representatives of the administration and officials also began to demand regular wages from the collective farm instead of unpredictable in-kind and cash payments for workdays, based on the proportional distribution of farm production and profits. Among those who reportedly received regular wages from the collective farms of the Kuibyshev region in 1938 were foremen, accountants, grooms, drivers and watchmen. They wrote about the same demand put forward by ordinary collective farmers in the Leningrad region. Collective farmers also tried, not trusting the accounting of workdays, to conclude contracts with the collective farm to fulfill specific works. On one collective farm in the Leningrad region, collective farmers working in the stables demanded that they be paid 5 rubles. for each barrel of water brought. On a prosperous collective farm in the Middle Volga, one collective farmer bought a pair of bulls and offered to provide them for work on the collective farm if he was paid in cash at the same rate as individual farmers 74 .
Despite the prohibition on collective farms hiring workers from outside, this practice existed everywhere, especially in those areas where proximity to city markets gave collective farmers many opportunities to extract significant additional income.
personal income. One collective farm in the Leningrad region spent 4,500 rubles in 1936 hiring outsiders to work in the fields. Another collective farm hired workers for 6 rubles. per day, not counting decent payments in kind, while its own members received only 60 kopecks. for a workday. On the Pyatiletka collective farm in the Kalinin region, where they especially often resorted to hiring labor, half of the collective farmers worked at local brick and glass factories, and the collective farm hired individual farmers for field work. However, if you believe official statistics, such cases were the exception. In most places, the collective farm on average hired less than 10 people per year. for 3 - 4 days of work 75 .
Finally, individual collective farmers sometimes hired “deputies” to work for them on the collective farm. So, for example, on the Stalin collective farm, located 3 km from the regional center of Ordzhonikidze, the wife of collective farmer Nikolai Piskachev sent her housekeeper to the field in her place, and she traded on the black market in the city. On the Budyonny collective farm in the Kyiv region, collective farmer S. Lymar hired an individual farmer to work in his place in the field. Lymar paid the individual owner in cash, and the collective farm paid Lymar for his workdays 76 .
WORKDAY
unit of measurement of labor on a collective farm. T. determines the quantity and quality of labor expended by the collective farmer, corresponding to the fulfillment of a certain standard of work. The amount of labor expended by a collective farmer for the year (or until the moment of income distribution), expressed in T., determines his share in the natural and monetary income of the collective farm distributed among the collective farmers (see. Collective farmer's income And Distribution income collective farm).
NKZ USSR based on studying the experience of collective farms on behalf of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR in the post. from 28 Feb. 1933 established for collective farms an approximate estimate in workdays of various agricultural activities. works, dividing them into 7 groups. In this case, a collective farmer who has fulfilled the production norm for work classified as the first group is credited with 0.50 T.; to the second group - 0.75 T.; to the third - 1 T.; to the fourth - 1.25 T.; to the fifth - 1.50 T.; to the sixth - 1.75 T.; to the seventh-2 T. (for the pricing of the work of tractor drivers, see Tractor driver). Eg. for spring plowing with a 2-share plow, the daily production rate is set at 1.20 ha. This work is assigned to the 5th group, which means that for fulfilling the specified production norm, the collective farmer must be paid. accrued 1.5 T. If a collective farmer plows only 0.8 per day ha, fails to meet the norm, then accordingly he will be credited not 1.5 T., but 1 T., and vice versa, if he exceeds the norm, say, by 1/3, he will be credited not 1.5 T., but 2 T., etc. In 1934, approximate standards for the production and evaluation of work in T. were established for each region and region, taking into account their characteristics.
When using on collective farms the approximate prices in T. established by the People's Commissariat for Agriculture of the USSR for various agricultural products. works and dividing them into groups d.b. the peculiarities of this collective farm are taken into account (the state of the tax, tools, the nature of the soil, etc.).
When drawing up a production plan, each collective farm, based on the volume of all work, establishing production standards and evaluating them in T., determines the total number of T. that will be required to complete production plan the collective farm as a whole. Evaluation of each work in T. d. b. known to the collective farmer in advance (T. are not awarded for poor quality work). The number of T. awarded to the team for completing a production task, if the work is not performed satisfactorily, is reduced to within 10% of the total number of T. produced by the brigade; If a brigade has collected a harvest from the area it is cultivating that is higher than the average collective farm harvest, then all members of the brigade are additionally credited with up to 20% of their T. This. additional accrual of T. is made by reducing the number of them (also within 20%) to brigades that produced a harvest below the collective farm average. This dependence of the collective farmer’s income on the results of his labor creates the necessary conditions for the interest of every collective farmer in increasing labor productivity and qualitatively better work.
Agricultural dictionary-reference book. - Moscow - Leningrad: State publishing house of collective farm and state farm literature "Selkhozgiz". Chief Editor: A. I. Gaister. 1934 .
Synonyms:See what “WORKDAY” is in other dictionaries:
Workday... Spelling dictionary-reference book
Manday Dictionary of Russian synonyms. workday noun, number of synonyms: 3 measure (250) stick... Synonym dictionary
A measure of labor costs on collective farms, used in 1930-1966; served as the basis for income distribution... Legal dictionary
A measure of labor costs on collective farms, used in 1930 66; served as the basis for income distribution... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
WORKDAY, workday, husband. (neol.). A unit for recording the labor of collective farmers, providing for both the norm of daily output and the quality of work. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
WORKDAY, day, husband. A unit for accounting for labor costs and distribution of income by labor on collective farms (until 1966, with the exception of certain farms in the country). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
workday- working day... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations
Workday is a measure of assessment and form of accounting for the quantity and quality of labor on collective farms in the period from 1930 to 1966. Wage members of collective farms were not accrued. All income after fulfilling obligations to the state (mandatory supplies and... ... Wikipedia
Day; m. In the USSR: a unit of labor accounting on a collective farm, determining the share of each member in income. * * * workday is a measure of labor costs on collective farms, used in 1930 66. * * * WORKDAY WORKDAY, a measure of labor accounting on Soviet collective farms in 1930-1966;… … encyclopedic Dictionary
workday- , day, m. Unit of labor accounting on collective farms, determining the collective farmer’s share of income (used until 1966). IAS, vol. 4,418. A mandatory minimum of workdays per year was established for each able-bodied person. IKPSS, 468. Old woman and eighteen... ... Explanatory dictionary of the language of the Council of Deputies
workday- (trudodenir, trudodenher) workday Kolkhoznikim Iofeu yshIerer zeralyyteshtyg'e shaph, mefapkI Kolkhoznikym trudodeneu iIem el'ytyg'eu lezhapkIer ratyschtyg... Adygabzem isekhef thickyIal
Books
- Workday. Collection of stories, Mikhail Khaimovich. The central place in the collection is occupied by stories about the everyday life of the Soviet research institute - before perestroika and at its very beginning, on the eve of the collapse of the country. Total control, a stuffy atmosphere of stagnation,...
Workday- a measure of assessment and form of accounting for the quantity and quality of a collective farmer’s labor in collective farm production (1930-1966). The accounting and evaluation of a collective farmer's work in workdays follows from the peculiarities of the socio-economic nature of collective farm production. While the income of state-owned enterprises fully belongs to the state and workers of enterprises receive wages, there are no salaries on collective farms and all income after fulfilling obligations to the state (mandatory supplies and payment in kind to the MTS) comes at the complete disposal of the collective farm and collective farmers, and each collective farmer receives his work, a share of the collective farm income according to the workdays he worked.
For the first time, accounting and evaluation of work in workdays began to be used on individual collective farms in 1930. On June 7, 1930, by decree of the Collective Farm Center of the USSR, the workday was introduced as a unified measure for recording the labor of collective farmers and the distribution of income, which more clearly explained the very concept mentioned in the Model Charter of the Agricultural Artel, approved by the Resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated April 13, 1930. Recommendations and clarifications in order accruals of workdays were published by the Collective Farm Center of the USSR in the publication “Organization and remuneration of labor on collective farms” M. 1930. The introduction of the workday was supposed to allow equalization in the distribution of income that took place with the accounting and evaluation of labor in monetary terms. In fact, such a change did not occur on most collective farms. Thus, incorrect rationing and incorrect setting of prices for individual work led on a number of collective farms to the fact that collective farmers directly involved in production (field farming, livestock raising) worked significantly fewer workdays than collective farmers employed in administrative, managerial, household and auxiliary work.
In addition, there was the practice of arbitrarily accruing workdays without taking into account the quality of work performed, as well as the distribution of income “according to consumers,” which to some extent contributed to the crisis of collective farm production in 1931-1932, which led to the famine of 1933. In 1933, a reject system was introduced ( output per workday). - in order to increase the piecework output of field workers, a revision of prices was carried out and instead of the previously existing 5 groups, 7 groups of prices were introduced. The work of the highest 7th group was estimated at 2 workdays. And the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR suggested that collective farms “prohibit foremen from accepting and calculating workdays for work done poorly. In case of insufficiently satisfactory work, the collective farm board makes a discount from the total number of workdays worked by the brigade, incl. and foreman, up to 10%.”
Nevertheless, the workday, being a measure of labor, still had the significant drawback that in the conditions of agricultural production it did not always take into account the final results of labor. The number of accrued workdays to members of a brigade or unit was not made dependent on the harvest received or the profitability of livestock farming. As a result, payment based on workdays without the necessary clarifications and additions to the workday led to equalization. To eliminate this drawback, distribution on collective farms had to be established in direct dependence on the results of labor.
Another result of the introduction of the workday was that women in the village received an equal opportunity with men to receive remuneration for their work.
The collective farm introduced the workday. What is a workday? Before the workday, everyone is equal - both men and women. Whoever worked more workdays earned more; Here, neither the father nor the husband can reproach the woman for feeding her. Now a woman, if she works and has workdays, she is her own boss. Through workdays, the collective farm freed the woman and made her independent. Now she no longer works for her father while she is a girl, not for her husband when she is married, but first of all she works for herself. This is what the liberation of the peasant woman means, this is what the collective farm system means, which makes a working woman equal to every working man. Speech by I. Stalin on November 10, 1935 at a meeting with the Pyatisotnitsy (collective farmers who achieved the collection of 500 centners of beetroot per hectare).
1935-1941
To eliminate the equalization in Art. 15 of the Model Charter of the Agricultural Artel of 1935, a second section was introduced, which recommended that collective farms distribute income depending on the results of their labor. This order was more regressive in relation to the order that existed under the Model Charter of 1930, however, it did not completely eliminate the elements of equalization pay.
Based on these changes, the board of directors of each collective farm develops and general meeting collective farmers are approved in all agricultural sectors. for work, production standards and prices for each work in workdays. The assessment of work in workdays is carried out depending on the required qualifications of the worker, the complexity, difficulty and importance of the work for the collective farm.
At least once a week, all the work that the collective farmer has done is calculated and work book The collective farmer is recorded, according to the established prices, the number of workdays worked by him. The issuance of advances and the final distribution of income among collective farmers is carried out exclusively according to the number of workdays worked.
If in 1936 the average output per collective farm household was 393 workdays, then in 1939 this output increased to 488 workdays.
In 1936, 88.1% of collective farms issued up to 3 kg of grain per workday, 8.0% from 3.1 to 5.0 kg, 2.4% from 5.1 to 7 kg. and only 1.5% - more than 7 kg. In the harvest year of 1937, less than 3 kg - 50.6%, from 3.1 to 5.0 kg - 26.4%, from 5.1 to 7 kg - 12.8% and about 10% produced more than 7 kilograms. In 1939 (bad harvest) less than 1 kg (above 700g) - 35.9%, from 1 to 3 kg - 47.4%, from 3.1 to 5 kg - 9.4% and only 4.4% produced more than 5 kilogram, in 4.4% of collective farms no distribution was made.
Due to the lag regulatory framework according to the standardization of the workday, a zonal tendency has developed towards the amount of payments per workday - on collective farms engaged in industrial crops (cotton growing), payments, including cash payments, significantly exceeded those in the middle zone of the RSFSR - for example, in 1935 in Tajikistan, on the Bolshevik collective farm, each family received on average 10 thousand rubles of income each, and the family of Salikhan Dadaev, who worked 1,593 workdays, received 22,303 rubles. income.
Having achieved relative success in matters of the natural value of a workday in the country as a whole, by 1937 there was still a large gap between the natural and monetary components of a workday. In order to eliminate this practice, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of April 19, 1938 “On the incorrect distribution of income on collective farms” and the Decree of December 4, 1938 “On the distribution of monetary income on collective farms” were adopted, which changed the practice of distributing monetary income of collective farms. Great hopes for the growth of monetary incomes of collective farms were associated with the development of commercial socialized livestock farming in accordance with the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of July 8, 1939. Nevertheless, compared to the first five-year plan, cash income accrued on workdays, on average, increased 4.5 times.
To strengthen labor discipline The resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party /b/ and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated May 27, 1939 “On measures to protect public lands of collective farms from squandering” established a mandatory minimum of workdays for able-bodied collective farmers - 100, 80 and 60 workdays per year (depending on the territories and regions). Those who did not work (without significant circumstances) the minimum number of workdays during the year were to be expelled from the collective farm, deprived of personal plots and the benefits established for collective farmers. At the beginning of 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks recognized it as necessary, in order to increase labor productivity, to establish additional payment for collective farmers for increasing crop yields and livestock productivity.
1941-1947
With the outbreak of the war, the country's agriculture was also placed under martial law. The reduction in arable lands and resources for their cultivation led to the need to maximize the withdrawal of grain from collective farms, which was reflected in the minimization and, to a greater extent, the cessation of food payments for workdays, especially in 1941-42.
Despite this, the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party /b/ dated April 13, 1942 “On increasing the mandatory minimum of workdays for collective farmers” noted that in agricultural cooperatives this minimum was met and exceeded. But in war conditions it was no longer sufficient. Therefore, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party /b/ increased the mandatory annual minimum for the duration of the war. It became for various territories and regions (by groups) at 100, 120 and 150 workdays. The Decree of April 13, 1942 not only increased the annual minimum workdays, but in the interests of ensuring the implementation of various agricultural works, established a certain minimum of workdays for collective farmers for each period of agricultural work. For example, in the collective farms of the first group with a minimum of 150 workdays per year, it was necessary to work out at least 30 workdays before May 15, from May 15 to September 1 - 45, from September 1 to November 1 - 45. The remaining 30 - after November 1. There were few people in the village. We had to set a minimum for teenagers too. The resolution stipulated that teenagers, family members of collective farmers, aged 12 to 16 years, had to work at least 50 workdays a year, but without breakdown by period. This contributed to the labor education of teenagers, allowed them to combine work with schooling and reduced the possibility of teenagers committing crimes. The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated April 15, 1942 provided that persons guilty of failure to produce the mandatory minimum of workdays by period are punished by corrective labor on a collective farm for up to 6 months with the deduction of up to 25 percent of workdays from payment. But the Decree proposed to make this deduction not in favor of the state, but in favor of the collective farm. This decision contributed to the collective farm’s interest in ensuring that this crime was not hidden, and allowed it to better provide for those in need with retained funds. According to the meaning of the Decree, only able-bodied persons could bear criminal liability for failure to work the mandatory minimum workdays. And in order to prevent mistakes here, the People's Commissar of Justice of the USSR issued an order on July 4, 1942. The order prohibited the courts from accepting cases of criminal liability for failure to comply with the mandatory minimum workdays, if we were talking about collective farmers over 60 years old, collective farm women over 55 years old and teenagers under 16 years of age. Consequently, teenagers from 12 to 16 years old - members of the families of collective farmers, although they had to work at least 50 workdays a year, they did not bear criminal liability for failure to fulfill this minimum.
In 1943, the average distribution of grain to collective farmers per workday in the USSR was 0.7 kg (1940-1.6), 1944-0.8 kg.
During the first years of restoration of the national economy, including due to drought and general decline productivity, as well as the increased state demand for grain, the distribution of grain and legumes per workday on collective farms decreased even more: In 1945: up to 100 grams per workday was issued by 8.8% of collective farms; from 100 to 300 – 28.4%; from 300 to 500 – 20.6%; from 500 to 700 – 12.2%; from 700g to 1 kg – 10.6%; from 1 kg to 2 kg – 10.4%; more than 2 kg - 3.6%; without issuance for workdays 5.4 In 1946 - up to 100 grams per workday were issued by 14.1% of collective farms; from 100 to 300 – 30.8%; from 300 to 500 – 17.7%; from 500 to 700 – 9.4%; from 700g to 1 kg – 7.7%; from 1 kg to 2 kg – 6.7%; more than 2 kg - 3.0%; without issuing workdays 10.6%, which led to famine in the winter of 1946/47.
1948-1966
In order to assist collective farms in introducing more progressive forms of payment, free from elements of equalization, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, in its Resolution of April 19, 1948 “On measures to improve organization, increase productivity and streamline wages on collective farms,” recommended that collective farms distribute income taking into account the harvest collected by the brigade, and in the brigades - by unit, so that the collective farmers of the brigades and units that received higher harvests would receive, accordingly, more high pay. For these purposes, the Council of Ministers of the USSR offers three ways to additionally accrue or write off workdays.
The procedure for the distribution of income, recommended by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of April 19, 1948, contributed to the introduction of a more progressive wage system. However this system It also has a number of disadvantages that were identified during its application in practice.
The search for new forms of remuneration on collective farms acquired a particularly wide scope after the publication of a decree of March 6, 1956. By this decree, the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR called on collective farmers to more widely develop the initiative and creativity of the collective farm masses in improving all processes of production, organization and management of collective farm affairs. Many collective farms developed and implemented forms of remuneration that differ significantly from those recommended by the decree of April 19, 1948.
In 1959, it was decided to introduce new system wages on collective farms. A human code with monetary remuneration began to be introduced. Collective farmers employed in agriculture, instead of accruing workdays, a guaranteed minimum wage is issued, and part of it was given as a monthly advance, and at the end of the year the final payment was made.
The existence of the workday was officially interrupted by the introduction of guaranteed wages introduced in accordance with the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 18, 1966 “On increasing the material interest of collective farmers in the development social production» according to which the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics, in agreement with the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR and State Committee on labor and social issues approve Recommendations for wages on collective farms. These acts of the Union republics also link the right of collective farm members to additional pay and bonuses not only with compliance with labor discipline, but also with the quality of work.
Workday and modernity
Introduced under N.S. Khrushchev’s axiom that “The Workday cannot be recognized as a correct, objective measure of labor costs for production” from the mid-eighties and received its further development- many publications and interviews appeared in which the workday was exclusively a “stick” in the office book and was identified with unpaid labor on collective farms for almost the entire time of their existence.
Workday is a form of labor accounting on collective farms from 1930 to 1966. The legal basis for the introduction of this form was the following: regulations: “Approximate Charter of the Agricultural Artel”, approved by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated April 13, 1930 and the Decree of the Collective Farm Center of the USSR dated June 7, 1930, which introduced the workday as a unified measure of accounting for the labor of collective farmers and the distribution of income. It was according to the accrued workdays that collective farmers could receive payment for their labor from the collective farm in cash and in kind. However, they might not have received a significant portion after working the whole year.
Let’s immediately deal with several of the most popular myths and misconceptions about workdays. There is a common expression about working on collective farms: “they worked for sticks,” which means working without pay at all. Of course, this is not so, the notorious “sticks” are just an accounting measure. However, the expression is not without meaning, since collective farmers had the right not to pay for accrued workdays.
Go ahead. A workday is not a calendar day. For work on a certain calendar day, a collective farmer could receive 1.5, or even 2 workdays; it depended on the complexity and labor intensity of the work. In total, there were first 5 and then 7 groups of prices.
Here is an example of a collective farmer’s account book, where 297 workdays worked are recorded
They paid the collective farmer in advance during the year, and paid in full at the end of the year. From " Model Charter agricultural artel": "Payment for the labor of artel members is made in the following order: during the economic year, no more than 50 percent of the amount due for work is paid in advance (in kind or money) for the food and other needs of the artel members. At the end of the economic year, the final payment is made calculation of wages."
Full payment occurred only if the collective farm fully settled with the state on all points of the plan put forward by the district committee. If the collective farm did not fulfill the plan, full settlement with the collective farmers was prohibited by law. Such cases were not at all uncommon in the Stalinist USSR, but rather a common occurrence.
And one more thing: the collective farm gave out both money and natural products for workdays. However, as already mentioned, if they were issued in principle. Many collective farms did not issue cash at all for workdays, and not only in times of crisis. This also happened on some collective farms in fertile agricultural regions, even after the bountiful harvest of 1937. In 1940, for example, 12% of all Soviet collective farms did not provide cash for workdays. In the Tambov region this figure was 26%, in the Ryazan region - 41%.
The difference in the income of collective farmers in the USSR, depending on the region and the specific collective farm, was significant and sometimes enormous. Collective farmers of the Central Asian and Caucasian republics earned much more than collective farmers of the RSFSR. Let's take a look at an interesting Soviet propaganda poster, which reflects the difference in income and for some reason this is presented as a great achievement of the Stalinist USSR!
Let’s add another statistical summary with the amount of payments per workday by region, in it the situation is even clearer
As we can see, a Russian collective farmer from the Kaluga region received “only” 147 times less than a Turkmen collective farmer.
Usually, greatest number workdays were accrued to the collective farm administration: the working day of the chairman was worth significantly more than the working day of an ordinary collective farmer (1.75-2.00 versus 1.3 workdays). In addition, the chairman was considered to work all days of the year, while field workers were paid only for the days they actually went into the field. In 1937, the average collective farmer (both men and women) received payment for 19 days of work in January and 20 days in July, while the chairman invariably received payment for 30-31 days per month.
In May 1939, “to strengthen labor discipline,” a mandatory minimum of workdays was established for able-bodied collective farmers - 100, 80 and 60 workdays per year (depending on the territories and regions). Those who, without significant reasons, did not work the minimum number of workdays during the year were to be expelled from the collective farm, deprived of personal plots and the benefits established for collective farmers.
Another interesting table on the monetary income of collective farmers in 1951
Judging by these data, Karelian collective farmers received 83.3 rubles per month, while Central Asian farmers received 841.66 rubles. average salary in industry in 1951 it was 740 rubles/month. One can only envy the Asian collective farmers!
Now for payment in kind, which was given for workdays along with cash. For the main analysis, let’s take the year 1937, which was very good for grain harvests and payments for workdays. This year, natural output increased and 50.6% of collective farms gave out less than 3 kg per workday; 26.4% gave out from 3 to 5 kg. According to statistics, the average collective farmer in 1937 earned 197 workdays and received 376 rubles for them. Divide by months, it turns out 31.33 rubles. per month. The amount of grain turned out to be 60-70 kg per month. Plus a number of other natural products. For comparison: wages in industry in 1937 were 231 rubles/month.
In general, earnings on collective farms have been sorted out. Now let's see - what did such meager earnings of collective farmers lead to?
1. Some of the collective farmers abandoned the farm, by hook or by crook received a certificate from the board allowing them to leave the collective farm, or simply ran to the cities and construction sites, of which there were many in the USSR and they accepted those who wanted to there without any particular bias.
2. All collective farmers paid the main attention to their plots, because they knew that there was no hope for the collective farm. And on the collective farm they worked, as they say, “carelessly”, just to get the “stick”. The Bolsheviks forgot that the slave system is the most unproductive.
3. Collective farmers compensated for their meager wages with mass theft; one of the popular sayings of those times: “Everything around is from the collective farm, everything around is mine.”
4. The shortage of workers led to the fact that, for example, one collective farm in the Leningrad region spent 4,500 rubles in 1936 hiring outsiders to work in the fields. Another collective farm hired workers for 6 rubles. per day, not counting decent payments in kind, while its own members received only 60 kopecks. for a workday. The Pyatiletka collective farm in the Kalinin region often resorted to hiring labor, because half of its collective farmers worked at local factories. Everyone also remembers about the countless detachments of schoolchildren, students, military personnel and even proletarians, cut off from factory work to help collective farms, right?
Another table in which everything is clear and understandable
Just in case, let us recall that the collective farmer was obliged to pay state taxes (failure to pay is subject to criminal liability):
a) cash agricultural tax, which depended on the area personal plot, presence of livestock and agricultural plants on the farm;
b) tax in kind, which was fixed for each region.
For example, in 1948, the average profitability of 1 cow in the RSFSR was set by the state at 2,540 rubles per year, in Komi - 1,800 rubles. The Komi collective farmer gave the Stalinist state a tax of 198 rubles for it. Was it a lot? The average cash income from workdays in the republic per household in the same year was 373.59 rubles. Thus, the peasant gave up to 53% of his average collective farm “pay” just for a cow.
In 1940, the collective farm yard was obliged to hand over 32-45 kilograms of meat per year (individual farmers - from 62 to 90 kilograms), in 1948 - already 40-60 kilograms of meat. For milk, mandatory supplies have increased from an average of 180-200 liters to 280-300 liters per year. In 1948, the collective farm yard was also obliged to hand over annually from 30 to 150 chicken eggs. Corvée and quitrent, everything is like serfdom.
The history of Soviet workdays ended in May 1966, when the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 18, 1966 “On increasing the material interest of collective farmers in the development of social production” instead of workdays introduced guaranteed wages for collective farmers, including the right to additional pay and bonuses. Apart from the USSR, workdays were used to record the labor of peasants only in the Maoist
They worked for workdays. I think you have heard more than once that on Soviet collective farms people were not paid wages, but instead they put sticks in office books, which later May be will be exchanged for food or other collective farm products. Fans of the USSR like to say that this is all a lie, that all this did not happen at all, and if it did, it was only for the benefit, and in general the great one knows best.
In fact, the workday system was the actual legalization of slave labor in the USSR, and its direct consequence was the abolition of passports for collective farmers (because they fled to the city, and somehow it was necessary to keep them in the countryside) - which, of course, brought the Soviet regime even closer system to real serfdom.
How it all started.
In 1917 in Russian Empire occurred, during which the Bolsheviks, great demagogues and populists, came to power under the leadership. At first, they adopted several seemingly reasonable laws (“decree on land”, “decree on peace”), and later the NEP was announced altogether - but at the same time it became clear that free and working people, in general, did not care about the Bolsheviks, and in free and fair elections the Bolshevik demagogues will never win.
Around the same years, it began to become clear that the "folk Soviet authority"in fact, not popular and not even in some sense "Soviet" - no one consulted with anyone, at the factories the trade unions were no longer involved in protecting the rights of workers (but only informed them of the "decisions of the party and government"), and in the countryside, the Bolsheviks failed on all counts - wealthy and hard-working peasants gave the Bolsheviks a run for their money in local elections, making a mockery of their demagoguery and voting for smart managers.
As a result, the Bolsheviks began to spin the flywheel of repression against all those who disagreed—they basically couldn’t do anything else. All other parties were declared “enemies” and destroyed, rich and independent peasants were declared “kulaks” and began to be expelled, and those workers who wanted real “Soviet” management at the factories were quickly taken into the OGPU and accused of “counter-revolution.”
They never wrote about this in the USSR - but by 1930, a dictatorship had actually been established in the country and unfreedom was tens of times more powerful than the tsarist one. If in the period 1905-1917 workers could gather, create strike committees, even publish their own newspapers and protest in some other way, now any protests were extinguished in the bud, the “ringleaders” were expelled or shot, and real serfdom returned to the collective farms.
Workdays and Soviet serfdom.
The “workday” system was introduced in 1930, during the period of early Stalinism, and worked right up to 1966 - affecting the rule of three general secretaries and several generations of peasants. This system consisted in the fact that collective farmers stopped paying salaries, instead accruing so-called “workdays,” the system was extremely cruel and somewhat reminiscent of the accounting system in concentration camps. A person worked in hard physical work on a collective farm, and instead of payment for his work he received a “stick” in the collective farm account book. Later, these “sticks” could be exchanged for food, or they might not be, some of the “workdays” could be crossed out for some minor offenses, and so on - for example, for “failure to comply with standards” (extremely high), a whole worm was withheld from people workdays
What was the monetary equivalent of the “workday”? In the 1930s, on poor collective farms, one workday was valued at 30 kopecks - for this amount, based on the results of work, a collective farmer could be given, for example, bread, grain or wool. As a result, all this led to massive hunger and incredible poverty among the peasants. Moreover, if under the tsar people could still somehow survive, having income from their own plot, then in the USSR exorbitant taxes were introduced on homestead farming - which further ruined the peasants.
Of course, all this only led to the fact that peasants fled en masse to the cities - they fled from this slavery, hunger and hopelessness. The Bolsheviks decided that this would not go on, and since 1932 actually legalized slavery- Passports were no longer issued to peasants, and they lost exactly the same rights that they were deprived of under serfdom - they could not move freely, choose the type of activity, etc.
The analogue of the “master” in the new Soviet serfdom was the chairman of the collective farm - now he issued permission for the peasant to leave his village somewhere, permission to study in one or another educational institution, - in general, completely controlled the destinies of the peasants and their children. Young people tried with all their might to escape from collective farm slavery (for example, few people returned to their native collective farm from the army), but not everyone succeeded.
What’s also interesting is that, due to general poverty, the collective farms actually did not pay pensions to the elderly. Formally, it was, but often it was only 2 rubles a month.
How did it all end?
And it all ended a little predictably: first, in 1959, a “guaranteed minimum payment” was introduced - so that the people on collective farms would not die of hunger at all (as often happened in the late 1940s), then in May 1966 it was decided to abolish workdays - by introducing a guaranteed right to wages. In the same year, collective farmers began to receive passports - after almost 50 years of “power of workers and peasants,” the communists finally recognized the right of peasants to be called people.
During the years of Perestroika, many Soviet publications began to write the truth that workdays were just sticks in office books and were identified with unpaid, slave labor; this system began to be called a “mistake.” As a result of this “mistake,” several generations of peasants lived in virtual slavery, lack of rights, and often died of hunger...
However, in some places workdays have been preserved even now - in the unrecognized “LPR” in eastern Ukraine, accounting of work in agriculture is carried out in the same workdays that later May be will be exchanged for food sets. So it's very a good place for all fans - you can move there and enjoy “that greatness.” And there must be very tasty ice cream there too.
So it goes.
Write in the comments what you think about all this, interesting.
