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Yurta A yurt is maximally optimized for a nomadic lifestyle - the wooden frame and felt covering can easily be disassembled into separate packs, which can be easily transported on camels or horses (and in mountainous areas - on yaks). And it is just as easy to assemble on a new encampment (“ail”) - the lattice walls of the “kerege” are lined up in a circle, resting on “uuk” poles. The upper parts of the poles are inserted into the holes of the central circle and secured with belts or ropes. The same collapsible door frame "barefoot" with a double door "kaalga" is installed. Then this entire structure is covered with a mat and felt mats, and the floor is covered with leather, woven mats, “altygat” (several layers of felt, covered on one side with fabric, spread under the bed) and carpets made of fur or felt. Carpets, embroidered hanging shelves “sekichek”, handbags “kuzgu-kap”, woven woolen bags “ayak-kap” are hung on the walls, and chests are placed on the floor in which utensils and clothes are stored.
The people and culture of Kyrgyzstan The culture of Kyrgyzstan takes its roots in ancient times. Its formation was greatly influenced by the Turkic tribes that migrated in the early Middle Ages from the territory of Altai and Eastern Turkestan. Until the 20th century, there was a tribal division among the Kyrgyz, and some Kyrgyz still adhere to this tradition today, which is manifested even in the division of the Kyrgyz into southern and northern. The customs and traditions of the southern Kyrgyz of the Fergana Valley and the Eastern Pamirs differ from the traditions of the northern Kyrgyz inhabiting the Tien Shan, Issykul regions, and the areas of the Chu and Talas rivers. The nature of the dominant economic structure - nomadic cattle breeding and patriarchal clan life - left a deep imprint on the material culture of the Kyrgyz people. Housing, traditional clothing, food - all this was determined by the need for frequent movement.
Settlements Before the Kyrgyz joined the Russian Empire, the main type of settlements were auls, and, due to their nomadic lifestyle, they moved from place to place. But during Soviet times, the Kyrgyz began to gradually switch to a sedentary lifestyle, which led to a radical change in their way of life. Today, the majority of Kyrgyz people lead a sedentary lifestyle, moving to big cities, but at the same time in the mountains and rural areas Traditional villages still exist.
Clothing The culture of Kyrgyzstan is clearly expressed in costumes. The traditional clothing of the Kyrgyz people has undergone many changes during its development. As in other aspects of material culture, Kyrgyz clothing clearly shows features that in the past were characteristic of individual tribal and territorial groups; it is also distinguished by peculiar features characteristic of the clothing of nomads. Clothes made from coarse woolen fabric were widely used home production, made from hides, felt and leather of domestic and wild animals. A traditional Kyrgyz costume is a felt hat - Ak-kalpak (white cap), characteristic of both men's and women's costumes. Another originally Kyrgyz element of clothing is outer felt clothing with sleeves - kementai and white felt boots. Married women wore a loin skirt - beldemchi, the flaps of which met in the front. Also common among men and women was a caftan - chapan, with a stand-up collar. It should be noted that among the elements of the women's costume there was a shirt almost completely embroidered with threads - jak and a traditional cone-shaped women's cap, which was worn on special occasions. Men wore trousers made of tanned leather or suede, which had several names - chalbar, kandagai, zhalgak shim. The most common footwear among the Kyrgyz were boots with high tops and narrow, slightly curved toes.
Family and marriage among the Kyrgyz are closely interconnected with the patriarchal way of life. The Kyrgyz, along with the small patriarchal family, had a so-called large family, when a whole clan lived on the same territory, starting with the elder of the family and ending with its youngest members. The marriage was preceded by matchmaking. In the past, there was a custom when young children were matched, or even unborn children were agreed to be married. Like many other eastern peoples, a bride price was required for the bride. And even today, modern Kyrgyz people adhere to this custom. The birth of a child is celebrated with a mandatory treat - zhentek, consisting of the national delicacy boorsok and flatbreads with melted butter. A week after birth, the baby is placed in a beshik (cradle). This event is celebrated with a small festival - beshik-toy. On the 40th day, another holiday is held, where the child is put on a shirt made from 40 rags collected from neighbors and bathed in 40 spoons of water. All these rituals are aimed at preserving and protecting the life of the child.
The spiritual culture of every nation is preserved in the form of traditions and customs, as well as oral creativity and written monuments. Due to their nomadic lifestyle, the Kyrgyz did not leave behind much written evidence, but they passed on their epics and legends from generation to generation. The largest work of the Kyrgyz heroic epic is the poem “Manas”. It is a large trilogy, collected as a result of the creativity of many generations of storytellers - manaschi. Until the 19th century, the poem was transmitted orally, and even today in Kyrgyzstan huge crowds of people gather to listen to the famous epic and enjoy the talent of skilled storytellers. Storytellers can recite a poem for several days. The main storyline of the poem is the exploits of the hero Manas. The Kyrgyz culture is rich and diverse. It combines to a greater extent elements of nomadic culture, but at the same time individual regions Kyrgyzstan (south of the country) are traditionally agricultural. Such coexistence is unique and characteristic only of the Central Asian region.
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Republic of Kyrgyzstan Work of an 11th grade student Osorbai T. GBOU school No. 104 of St. Petersburg Teacher Shizhenskaya N.N.Slide 2
Capital Bishkek Languages Kyrgyz (state), Russian (official) Politic system Parliamentary republic (after the election of a new parliament on October 10, 2010) Area 199,900 sq. km; length of borders – 4503 km Population 5.5 million people. Regions Bishkek and Osh cities and 7 regions National currency Kyrgyz som (USD1 = KGS 46.8) Kyrgyzstan
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Economy of the country GDP (Gross Domestic Product) – 304.4 billion soms ($6.381 billion) for 2012. Export – $2,276.6 million (38.3% of GDP) Import – $3,945.7 million (66.4% of GDP) Unemployment, according to official data, is 73.4 thousand people (3.5 % of economically active population). In September 2011, the average wage amounted to 8,300 soms (about 200 US dollars). The average life expectancy of the population was 65 years (64 years for men and 72 years for women).
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Export Export – $2,276.6 million (38.3% of GDP) for 2012 Mainly gold (Kumtor mine) and mercury, cotton, electricity, wool, meat, tobacco, uranium, antimony and shoes Main export buyers : Switzerland 27.2% Russia 19.2% Uzbekistan 14.3% Kazakhstan 11.4% France 6.7%
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IMPORT Import – $3,945.7 million (66.4% of GDP) Mainly oil, gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals and food Main import suppliers: Russia 36.6% China 17.9% Kazakhstan 9.2 % Germany 8.2%.
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Population The population is 5.5 million people. Most of the population is concentrated in the foothill valleys of Chuya on the border with Kazakhstan and Fergana on the border with Uzbekistan, the valleys of Naryn and Talas, as well as in the Issyk-Kul basin. Population composition: Kyrgyz - 71%, Uzbeks - 14.3%, Russians - 7.8%, others - 6.9%
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Fertility and mortality Birth rate: 26.18 newborns/1000 people. Mortality: 9.13 deaths/1000 people Life expectancy for the general population: 64.46 years; men: 62.2 years; women: 68.94 years.
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Religious composition Mainly Sunni Muslims (75%) Orthodox (20%) Representatives of other faiths (5%)
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Lead Mercury Antimony Rare earth metals Uranium Proven gold reserves are estimated at 420 tons Hydroelectric potential is 142.5 billion kWh Abundance building materials Natural resources
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Industry Energy. The main source of electricity in Kyrgyzstan is hydroelectric power stations. The energy produced in the country is sufficient to meet the needs of its own heavy industry and export supplies. Mining industry. Kyrgyzstan has large deposits coal, antimony, mercury, uranium, zinc, tin, tungsten, lead, rare earth metals, wollastonite, nepheline syenites. Antimony deposits are famous high quality raw materials. It was opened in 1992 large deposit gold in Kumtor (central Kyrgyzstan). Metal reserves are estimated at 5.5 thousand tons, which puts Kyrgyzstan in seventh place in the world in terms of gold reserves. The government signed a contract for the development of this field with the Canadian mining company"Komeko." Heavy industry. Various branches of the machine tool industry are developing most rapidly, including the production of automated machine tools, which, along with equipment and spare parts, represent the most valuable export items. We also produce equipment for the metalworking industry, pressing equipment, iron and steel pipes, agricultural equipment (mainly tractors and row-crop equipment). Kyrgyzstan is also a major producer of building materials (reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement roofing materials).
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Industry Transport. Due to the mountainous terrain, the development of railway and pipeline transport is limited. Length railways OK. 370 km. They are a continuation of the railways of neighboring states and in the north they run from Kazakhstan to Bishkek and further to Balykchy (formerly Rybachye) on the northwestern coast of Issyk-Kul, and also from Uzbekistan to Osh and Jalal-Abad in the east of the Fergana Valley. The main mode of transport is automobile. Length of roads – approx. 40 thousand km. The greatest density of their network is in the north, in the basin of Lake Issyk-Kul, and in the Fergana Valley. There are several strategically important roads in the Tien Shan mountains. One of them connects major centers countries - Bishkek and Osh through the Tyuz-Ashuu (3586 m) and Ala-Bel (3184 m) passes, the other goes from Balykchy to Naryn and further to the high-mountain lake Chatyr-Kel and through the Torugart pass (3752 m) to the PRC, the third leads from the city of Osh to the Pamirs (Pamir tract). For the period from 1991 to 1997, the volume of cargo transportation by land transport general use decreased from 103.3 million tons to 14.3 million tons, and passenger transportation - from 609.8 million people to 374.1 million. Shipping is carried out on Lake Issyk-Kul. Air communication is maintained between Bishkek (from Manas airport) and regional centers. The Bukhara – Tashkent – Bishkek – Almaty and Maili-Sai – Jalal-Abad – Kara-Suu – Osh gas pipelines pass through the territory of Kyrgyzstan. Light industry Kyrgyzstan combines its three constituent industries - textile industry, clothing industry and leather-footwear-fur industry. Its share accounts for 24% of the number of industrial production personnel and 30% of the gross output of the entire industry, which ensures its priority in the economic potential of the republic. Light industry still occupies a leading position in the economy of the republic, providing high employment for the population. Along with other goods, it produces consumer goods for the local market. There are ample opportunities for export to near and far abroad. It is significant that light industry is a highly efficient, quick-paying industry that provides itself with raw materials produced in the republic. In the industry as a whole, the growth rate at the end of 2000 was 105.4%; textile and clothing enterprises produced products worth 2346.6 million soms, tanneries and enterprises for the production of shoes and other leather products - 81.2 million soms. The light industry includes more than 200 industrial enterprises, forming textile-knitting, sewing and leather-footwear-fur complexes, which produce a wide range of goods
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Attractions Tien Shan or “Heavenly Mountains” is one of the highest and most visited mountain systems by tourists throughout the CIS countries. This grandiose mountainous country is located mainly in the western part of Kyrgyzstan and eastern China. The Tien Shan mountains stretch in a kind of arch, more than 1200 km in length and almost 300 km in width. Lake Sary-Chelek is rightfully considered the most beautiful place in western Kyrgyzstan. It lies at an altitude of 1940 m above sea level in the foothills of the Chatkal range. The length of the lake from southwest to northeast is 7.5 km, the area of the water surface is 50.7 sq. km, and the depths in some places reach 234 m. Arslanbob is a magnificent blooming oasis, nestled in the intermountain region of the western and southern slopes of the Fergana and Chatkal ridges of the central Tien Shan. Walnut forests are considered the largest on the planet. The mountain slopes are favored by about 130 species of plants, including pistachio, almond, cherry plum, pear, apple tree, cherry, currant, raspberry and others. But the king of this entire green kingdom, without a doubt, was and remains the walnut. Jety-Oguz. The legendary Gorge of the Seven Bulls is an area so unique and memorable that at one time it inspired artists to create a series of postage stamps that have become a real rarity for true collectors.
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Famous People Chingiz Aitmatov is a famous Kyrgyz writer, perhaps the only Central Asian author who has received international recognition. His works have been translated into English and other languages. (His books are published in more than 100 languages with a total circulation of 90 million copies.) Aitmatov was at the peak of his popularity in Soviet times, and Mikhail Gorbachev sometimes quoted him in his speeches. The author’s favorite topic was the cultural heritage of the Turkic peoples, and how modernity deprives a person of individuality. Aitmatov was born in 1928 in the village of Sheker, Talas region, near the Uzbek border. He completed 6 classes after which, at the age of 14, he became the secretary of the village council and tax collector (during the Great Patriotic War). In 1953, Aitmatov graduated from the veterinary school in Dzhambul (now Taraz, Kazakhstan) and worked on an experimental farm.”And the day lasts longer than a century”, “Djamilya”, “Camel’s eye”, “My poplar in a red scarf”, “The first teacher ", "The Block", "When the Mountains Serve", etc. Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze was born in Pishpek (Bishkek) in 1885. His father was Moldovan medical worker. During the Russian Civil War, the army under the command of Frunze defeated the army of Admiral Kolchak in Siberia, and also defeated the army of General Wrangel in the Caucasus Mountains. In 1918, Frunze was sent to Tashkent, where he headed the “Turkic Commission” together with General Kuibyshev. The purpose of the commission was to prevent the subversive activities of the White Guards in Central Asia. In the 1920s, Frunze participated in the liquidation of the Bukhara and Khiva khanates, as well as in the suppression of the Basmachi movement. In honor of him, Pishpek was named after Frunze. (The city was renamed Bishkek in 1991). In Moscow there is a monument to Frunze, and in Bishkek there is a museum named after Frunze, where many evidences of the life of the great general are kept. The museum also includes the house in which he was born.
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Famous People Kurmanzhan Datka (1811-1907) is a great stateswoman of the Kyrgyz Republic. She is also often called the “Queen of Alai” and the “Queen of the South.” The word Datka means general, and she was awarded this title twice. She became the ruler of Alai, and was recognized by the khans of Bukhara and Kokand. Kurmanjan Datka is the only woman to receive the role of ruler in the Muslim world and is recognized as the “mother of the nation.” There are many legends about this great woman. In 1876, the Alai region joined Russian Empire and Kurmanzhan Datka contributed to the establishment of friendly relations with the Russian authorities. She even received into her home two British emissaries traveling from India to Bukhara, whom her horsemen had previously saved from a snowstorm. At the peak of her glory, two sons and two grandsons of Kurmanzhan Datka were accused of smuggling and murder of customs officials, and even the high status of the warrior could not save them. When her beloved son was hanged in the central square of the city of Osh, Kurmanzhan Datka refused the persuasion of her comrades to ask for release. She couldn't let her loved ones suffer because of her personal ambitions. Her lamentations are forever captured in poetry. Her supporters were later exiled into slavery in Siberia. Kozhomkul was born in 1889 and died in 1955 at the age of 67. He was 2.3 meters tall and weighed 164 kilograms. In his youth, Kozhomkul could easily outshine any “strongman” in strength competitions. One day, a strongman accepted offers to participate in competitions in the neighboring Toktogul region (in those days, strength competitions were an integral part of any holiday), organized by one local bay (rich and famous person). Having won this competition, Kozhomkul became even more famous throughout the district, and he distributed the 50 sheep and several mares he won to the poor and needy.
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Famous People Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky - Russian traveler and naturalist was born in a small village near Smolensk, in Western Russia on April 12, 1839. From an early age, he was fascinated by distant countries and dreamed of traveling. His father was an army officer who retired at the age of 32. Young Nikolai continued the family tradition and became a military man. Although he never enjoyed military life, he believed that an army career would give him the best chance to “get started” and see the world. In 1879-80 Przhevalsky traveled through Mongolia and China, but the final goal of his expedition was Tibet. Not many travelers have received permission to visit Tibet. Unfortunately, the Tibetan authorities refused Przhevalsky, and he was forced to return home. And although the expedition was unsuccessful, Przhevalsky still managed to make a discovery. It was during this expedition that he discovered the breed of tiny steppe horse, which now bears the name of Przhevalsky. Today this breed is listed in the Red Book as an endangered species. In 1883-85, Przhevalsky again traveled through Mongolia and China, and also studied the Taklamakan and Tien Shan deserts. Przhevalsky again rushes to Tibet. But this time he fails to visit the ancient “land of llamas.” The expedition turned north and arrived in Kyrgyzstan through the Bedel Pass. The last destination of the trip was the city of Karakol on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul. From here Przhevalsky returned to Moscow. Toktogul Satylgan uulu (1864-1933) – Kyrgyz poet, democrat, thinker, outstanding komuz player (komuz is a Kyrgyz national musical instrument).
Customs and traditions of the Kyrgyz people
Ethnogenesis Geographical position Kyrgyzstan determined the nature of the formation of the Kyrgyz ethnic group. The most ancient of the ethno-forming tribes are the Saka and Wusun tribes, who inhabited the Tien Shan in the 1st millennium BC. In the 1st millennium AD. Various Turkic tribes lived on the territory of Kyrgyzstan (Turgesh, Karauk, Karakanid Turks). In the 11th-14th centuries. Waves of migration of peoples from the depths of Central Asia (Karakitai, Mongols, Tatars, etc.) passed through the territory of Kyrgyzstan. The Kyrgyz have been acting as a single ethnic group since the 16th century. Currently, in addition to the 2.7 million Kyrgyz living in the republic, approximately 300 thousand live in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Russia, another 300 thousand live in China (in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region) and an uncertain number in Afghanistan (in the Pamirs). Small groups of Kyrgyz live in Mongolia, Turkey and Pakistan. Before the advent of Islam in Central Asia, brought by Arab conquerors in the 8th century, shamans played the main role in the religious and political life of the people. Some Kyrgyz converted to Islam in the 8th century, but the conversion of the people as a whole was completed only in the 19th century. The Kyrgyz language belongs to the Kyrgyz-Kypchak (northeastern) group of Turkic languages and is closely related to Kazakh. In Kyrgyzstan itself, there are northern and southern groups of dialects. Initially, the graphic basis of the Kyrgyz writing system was the Arabic alphabet; in 1926 it was translated into the Latin alphabet, and in 1940 the latter was replaced by the Russian one.
Population dynamics Official data in Kyrgyzstan, as in Russia, indicate a gradual increase in mortality rates during the 1960s and 1970s, followed by a sharp increase in life expectancy after 1985. This improvement in the situation was followed by a significant increase in the mortality rate after the collapse of the Soviet Union. According to the latest official data, mortality rates have stopped getting worse over the past two to three years, but they have not yet reached their pre-independence levels.
Population dynamics Another mystery relates to the level and trends of infant mortality. Kyrgyzstan, like other former Soviet republics, experienced a significant increase in infant mortality in the 1960s and 1970s. However, the growth recorded in Central Asia was much higher than in other parts of the Soviet Union, such as Russia (Figure 2). This increase has been followed by a gradual decline in mortality up to the present time. According to official data, in Kyrgyzstan, there has been no significant increase in infant mortality since independence. The reliability of both Soviet and post-Soviet trends in the mortality rate of children under 1 year of age has always been questionable6.
Traditional occupation of the Kyrgyz The traditional occupation of the Kyrgyz is nomadic and semi-nomadic extensive cattle breeding. Pastoralists carried out a year-round migration cycle that had been established for centuries, moving with livestock from one seasonal pasture to another (in the valleys in winter, in the mountains in summer). They mainly bred horses, with smaller quantities of sheep and camels. Then sheep farming took first place, everything higher value began to acquire the breeding of large cattle, especially in poor households. In the Eastern Pamirs and in the southern part of the Osh region, yaks were bred. The subsidiary industry was agriculture, more often irrigation. The irrigation system allowed the nomads, after sowing, to migrate to pastures and return to harvesting. Hunting, including with the help of birds of prey, is one of the most ancient occupations of the Kyrgyz people. Among the household crafts, the production of woolen fabrics, the manufacture of carpets and felts, the manufacture of mats, leather utensils, and leather stamping were developed. Blacksmithing and jewelry crafts, embroidery, and wood carving were common. Rock crystal, jasper, and gold were mined in the Pamirs. The southern Kyrgyz burned coal and sold it to the cities of Fergana.
Customs and traditions of the Kyrgyz people
Customs and rituals associated with matchmaking, betrothal and wedding According to custom, a daughter-in-law visited her father’s village every year - “t?rk?l??”, and stayed there for several days or months. According to customary law, the daughter-in-law's parents prepared a dowry - "sep", which was handed over to the groom's side on the wedding day. The dowry included everything necessary for the life of the newlyweds: from a needle and thread to cattle. Moreover, the dowry should not be less than the dowry.
Tea ceremony Tea and the tea ceremony occupy a significant place in Kyrgyz life and everyday life. Brewing this truly main drink of the country, as well as pouring it to guests, is the prerogative of men, first of all, the owner of the house. Tea is brewed differently in different regions of the country. The recipes for its preparation also differ markedly. The teahouse is as unshakable an element of local traditions as tea itself. Public life here it is concentrated in mosques, the bazaar and, naturally, in the teahouse. Here they simply communicate and negotiate, relax and share news, have breakfast and lunch, discuss the problems of life and the world order. The teahouse's decor is quite traditional - low tables are surrounded by equally low, and always carpeted, sofas. The rituals that accompany tea drinking are quite complex and incomprehensible to the uninitiated, so it’s easier to observe the locals and do as they do - you can be sure that they will also appreciate such a respectful attitude towards their customs.
Kyrgyz people on Navruz holiday (first day of the new year)
Yurta A yurt is maximally optimized for a nomadic lifestyle - the wooden frame and felt covering can easily be disassembled into separate packs, which can be easily transported on camels or horses (and in mountainous areas - on yaks). And it is just as easy to assemble on a new encampment (“ail”) - the lattice walls of the “kerege” are lined up in a circle, resting on “uuk” poles. The upper parts of the poles are inserted into the holes of the central circle and secured with belts or ropes. The same collapsible door frame "barefoot" with a double door "kaalga" is installed. Then this entire structure is covered with a mat and felt mats, and the floor is covered with leather, woven mats, “altygat” (several layers of felt, covered on one side with fabric, spread under the bed) and carpets made of fur or felt. Carpets, embroidered hanging shelves “sekichek”, handbags “kuzgu-kap”, woven woolen bags “ayak-kap” are hung on the walls, and chests are placed on the floor in which utensils and clothes are stored.
