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3.1 Essence and classification of sown areas
Sown area- These are areas of arable land occupied by crops of various agricultural crops. Cultivated areas are distributed (classified) according to various qualitative characteristics: biological characteristics of crops, production purposes, accounting categories, etc.
Depending from biological characteristics agricultural crops, all crops are divided into annual, biennial and perennial (permanent) crops. The group of annual crops usually includes those crops whose growing season on the same area can last no more than one agricultural year. In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus, these are spring and winter grains, legumes, industrial ones (fiber flax, sugar beets, rapeseed), some types of forage crops, potatoes, fodder root crops, annual grasses, etc. The biennial group is represented by crops that grow on the same The sown area can be vegetated for at least two agricultural years. It mainly includes various types of perennial cereals and legumes used for green mass, hay and seeds. The group of perennial (permanent) crops includes crops whose growing season in the same area lasts more than two years. This includes fruit, berry, ornamental and other crops.
By production purpose annual and biennial crops, usually placed in crop rotation, are divided into the following groups: grains and legumes, industrial crops, potatoes and melons and vegetables, fodder, green manure crops. In turn, these crops are divided into winter and spring crops according to the timing of cultivation, and according to sowing methods - into continuous and row-crop, without cover and under cover. Biological characteristics and diverse production purposes of agricultural crops are taken into account not only in the process of technology and organization of production, but also form significant differences in statistical information on sown areas, gross yield and yield by group of crops.
Agricultural production in the Republic of Belarus is represented by various forms of farms, among which large state-type agricultural organizations predominate, where at least 80% of all sown areas are concentrated. In government organizations, the conduct of large-scale production is traditionally based on systematic recording and monitoring of the main indicators of their work.
Due to numerous changes over a long period of cultivation, the size of the sown area of agricultural crops is taken into account and updated several times. In this regard, in the statistics of agricultural organizations, the following categories of sown areas are distinguished: seeded sown, spring productive, harvested and actually harvested areas.
Contaminated It is customary to refer to the area on which crop seeds were sown. It can include one twice and also an area. Double counting of individual areas is due to the fact that the size of the seeded area shows on what area the seeds were re-spent, as well as labor, fuel and lubricants for the operation of equipment, etc. In this case, the area seeded for the current year's harvest and the area seeded in the current year are taken into account separately.
Square, seeded for the current year's harvest, includes all crops intended for harvesting in a given year, regardless of the timing of sowing. This includes the following types of crops: winter crops of the previous year, coverless crops of perennial grasses of the current year, crops between rows of row crops (compacted crops).
Square, seeded this year, includes all crops intended for harvesting in a given year, regardless of the timing of harvesting. It includes: reseeding of dead winter crops, spring crops of the current year (under-cover and without cover), repeated (stubble) crops, sowing in inter-row rows of row crops (compacted sowing), sowing for green manure.
The need for statistical accounting of the seeded area in agricultural organizations is caused by constant monitoring of the consumption of seed material, as well as labor costs and expenses for fuel and lubricants for sowing work.
Spring productive- this is the area occupied by producing crops by the time of the timely completion of spring sowing, from which the main products are expected to be obtained in a given year. It includes: winter crops planted in the fall of the previous year, minus autumn-winter and spring losses; sowing of spring crops of the current year, including reseeding of dead winter crops with spring crops; coverless crops of perennial grasses from previous years' crops (mow area).
The spring productive area, unlike the seeded area, does not include repeated crops of the same areas, therefore it does not include compaction, stubble, undercover, intermediate crops, since they do not occupy independent areas, as well as green manure crops that are not intended to produce products.
The spring productive area is the main accounting category of sown areas, since data on it are used in determining the gross harvest and yield of agricultural crops. Before the start of harvesting, the productive spring area must be clarified, since during the period from the completion of the sowing campaign to the start of timely harvesting, changes in the composition of the sown area may occur due to the summer death of crops.
Cleaning room- this is the area remaining at the beginning of harvesting, on which harvesting is expected to take place in the current year. The size of the harvested area is calculated by excluding from the spring productive area the summer loss of crops and areas that are not subject to harvesting in the current year (undercover perennial grasses; crops used for grazing), and including areas from which crops are harvested twice in the current year (repeated, intermediate and inter-row crops). The size of the harvesting area makes it possible to determine the need for labor, equipment, storage, and set the timing of harvesting crops.
Actually removed- this is the entire area where harvesting work was carried out at the time of the timely completion of the harvesting campaign. It is calculated by subtracting from the harvested area areas where the ripe crop has not been harvested for various reasons (meteorological, economic, etc.), and crops that were previously scheduled for harvesting, but were used for grazing, plowed for fertilizer, etc. Data on actually harvested areas are used to analyze the progress of harvesting operations and determine the final crop yield.
In agricultural organizations (AHOs), the distribution of sown areas by accounting categories is usually carried out according to the following scheme (Table 3.1), which significantly facilitates the work of assigning the area of each type of crop to one or another accounting category.
In this case, the sign (+) indicates that this type of crops is included in the corresponding accounting category; the sign (–) means that the specified type of crops is not included in the accounting category. This is of particular importance when calculating the total (total) area for each accounting category, when it is necessary to find out the main reasons for significant differences between the total areas of accounting categories.
The dynamics of actually harvested sown areas of agricultural crops in all categories of farms in the Republic of Belarus is shown in Table. 3.2.
Table data 3.2. show that over the five-year period (2001-2005) in all categories of the agricultural sector of the agro-industrial complex of Belarus, the sown area of grain and leguminous crops has decreased (by approximately 300 thousand hectares). This decrease was mainly due to spring, as well as winter grains and legumes. At the same time, the sown area occupied by industrial crops has increased, among which the area under sugar beets has almost doubled. There is a tendency for rapeseed crops to grow. Over the five years under study, the area under potato cultivation has decreased significantly in all categories of farms; The area under vegetable crops remains practically stable.
Particular attention should be paid to the reduction in the dynamics of the sown area of forage crops, in which the area of perennial grasses (by almost 240 thousand hectares) and forage root crops (almost 2 times) has significantly decreased. As a result of all the changes over the five-year period (2001–2005), the total sown area of agricultural crops in all categories of farms in Belarus decreased by more than 600 thousand hectares (11.7%). This phenomenon can be explained mainly by a proportional reduction in the area of arable land in the Republic of Belarus.
Table 3.1. General scheme of distribution of sown areas by accounting categories
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Types of crops | ||||||
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Contaminated |
Spring productive |
Harvesting area |
Actual harvested area |
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current | ||||||
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|
|
|
|
|
||
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Winter crops from last year | ||||||
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Reseeding dead winter crops | ||||||
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Spring crops of the current year | ||||||
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Crops of perennial grasses of the current year: undercover coverless | ||||||
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Crops of perennial grasses from previous years (mowed area) | ||||||
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Repeated (stubble) crops | ||||||
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Sowing between row crops (compacted sowing) | ||||||
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Winter crops of the current year | ||||||
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Crops for green fertilizer | ||||||
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Total… | ||||||
Table 3.2. Cultivated area of agricultural crops
(thousand ha)
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Groups and types of crops | ||||||||
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Cereals and legumes – total | ||||||||
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including: | ||||||||
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winter grains | ||||||||
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spring grains | ||||||||
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pulses | ||||||||
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Technical – total | ||||||||
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including | ||||||||
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sugar beet | ||||||||
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Potato | ||||||||
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Vegetables | ||||||||
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Feed crops – total |
- Journey through the pages of the dictionary
- Examples of diagrams
- How to build an angle (repetition)
- Problem solving
- Problems to solve independently
- Homework
- Links
First explain what it is.
Diagram –
(from the Greek image, drawing, drawing) a graphic image that clearly shows the relationship of any quantities.
I understand! A diagram is a drawing of numerical data that allows you to compare a particular object.
How to build a diagram?
To draw a pie chart you need to:
- Draw a circle
- Calculate percentage
- Convert them to degrees
- Use a protractor to construct angles
- Paint the sectors with different colors
What are the advantages of charts over tables?
What are the disadvantages of charts?
Visualization, the ability to compare different quantities with each other, the ability to present a large amount of information.
Approximate value of quantities
- Magnetic iron ore contains 70% pure iron, and the rest of the ore is waste rock. To visually depict this situation, let's draw a circle and paint 70% of its area, and leave 30% of the area unpainted.
- Since there are 360° in a circle, we need to find 30% of 360°. To do this, divide 360 by 100 and multiply the quotient by 30. We get: 360: 100 * 30 = 108. This means that we need to draw two radii at an angle of 108° and paint the part of the circle outside this angle.
- We get a drawing.
He is called pie chart.
So that the circle will always be divided into 2 parts?
- No. The number of parts in the circle will depend on the conditions of the problem.
- Sometimes to create a pie chart you have to break the circle into many parts.
An example of a pie chart of ocean areas.
- The Pacific Ocean has an area of 179 million km 2 , Atlantic - 93 million km 2 ,
- Indian - 75 million km 2
- Arctic - 13 million km 2 .
There are 30 students in the class:
12 boys and
18 girls.
Let's draw a circle corresponding to the total number of students.
360⁰: 30 =12⁰ corresponds to 1 student.
12⁰ * 12 = 144⁰ - angle corresponding to the number of boys
360⁰ - 144⁰ =216⁰ - - angle corresponding to the number of girls
boys
girls
Let's solve the problem:
Solution:
Land areas on Earth are distributed as follows:
100% - 360⁰ (circle)
meadows and pastures - 21%, forests - 30%,
1% - 3.6⁰
arable land – 11%,
21% - 21*3.6⁰= 75.6⁰
other lands – 38%.
30% - 30*3.6⁰= 108⁰
11% - 11*3.6⁰= 39.6⁰
38% - 38*3.6⁰= 136.8⁰
Meadows and pastures - 75.6⁰
Forests - 108⁰
Arable lands - 39.6⁰
other Earths - 136.8⁰
Arable lands
Meadows and pastures - 75.6⁰
Other lands 136.8⁰
Forests 108⁰
To solve the problem, draw a circle
Cultivated areas on Earth are distributed as follows:
- Wheat - 30%
- Corn – 16%
- Barley – 11%
- Rice – 19%
- Other crops – 24%
Dunno sells newspapers.
Monday – 20
Tuesday – 25
Wednesday – 32
Thursday - 30
Friday – 23
Saturday – 30
Sunday – 20.
Create a pie chart for “Newspaper Sales”
Create a pie chart
“ Nutritional standards for girls 11-13 years old.”
Girls 11-13 years old should receive a day
85g proteins,
85g fat,
340g carbohydrates.
Create a pie chart
“ Distribution of time by a 5th grade student”
- Sleep - 9 hours.
- Studying at school – 6 hours
- Homework – 2 hours
- Rest – 3 hours
- Working with a PC – 0.5 hour
- Watching TV programs – 1.5 hours
Is it possible to make a diagram? What else can you do with your time?
Homework
Build a diagram (one to choose from):
- Number of words read per minute (grade 5).
- Number of students by grade (grades 5-8).
- Population of the capitals of the world.
- Population of the countries of the world.
- Life expectancy in different countries.
- Number of migrants in 2005
- Number of lessons per subject (5th grade per year).
- Areas of countries of the world.
Sources
- http:// oldskola1.narod.ru/Nikitin/0013.htm
- http www.vneuroka.ru
- http:// images.yandex.ru/yandsearch
- http:// www.lenagold.ru/fon/clipart/k/kanc.html
- O.Yu.Edush, T.Yu.Ugrovatova
“Tips for every day”, M. Vlados, 1999
Development of a lesson with a presentation on the topic: "Pie Charts". Combined lesson (generalization and systematization of knowledge, explanation of new material, consolidation of learned material, testing and correction of knowledge).
Download:
Preview:
Math lesson on "Pie Graphs"
5th grade.
Prepared by the teacher of MBOU secondary school No. 26, Dolzhanskaya village
Nedilko Olga Alexandrovna
Goals:
- Mastering ways to visualize numerical data.
- Learning to build a mathematical model using pie charts.
- Application of theoretical knowledge in practical human activity.
Tasks:
- Repeat previously studied material on the topics: “Angles. Measuring Angles", "Percentages"
- Familiarize yourself with the concept of “Diagrams”
- Learn to build pie charts.
- Cultivate a caring attitude towards your health.
Lesson forms: combined (generalization and systematization of knowledge, explanation of new material, consolidation of learned material, testing and correction of knowledge).
Working methods and techniques:
- teachers: frontal work (explaining new things, dialogue, demonstrating a presentation, individual assistance in doing independent work);
- student: frontal (dialogue; viewing a presentation) and individual (solving programmed tasks, working in a notebook, working on a computer).
Materials and equipment:textbook V.Ya. Vilenkin, V.I. Zhokhov “Mathematics 5”, compass, ruler, pencil, protractor, presentation “Circle Graphs”, PC.
Lesson Plan
- Organizing time
- Checking students' readiness for the lesson. Students' mood for the lesson.
- Students write down the numbers and topics of the lesson in their notebooks..(1,2 slides)
I'll ask you a few riddles. Guess the riddles and check the presence of these items on your desktops and show them to me. Warm-up (3 slide)
- Who teaches silently? (Textbook )
- Who will build our drawing?
Well, of course... (Pencil)
- Two legs conspired
Make arcs and circles. ( Compass)
- She loves directness and is direct herself.
Making a new trait helps us all.
You can draw something without it.
Guess, friends, what is this?.. ( Ruler )
- If you give her a job -
The pencil was in vain. ( Eraser)
- Constructing angles
Helps... (Protractor)
- To homework
We must do it, we must not forget,
We will write it down in... ( Diary )
We checked the availability of the items needed for the lesson.
I I. Updating knowledge:
- Indicate the correspondence between the type of angles and their degree measure (4 slide)
1) spicy-56
2) straight - 90
3) dumb-123
4) expanded - 180
III.Studying a new topic:Often in practice, the results of any human activity, comparison of the cost of certain products, the composition of various mixtures or any other numerical data are more convenient to present visually, in the form of a picture. It is easier to compare numbers if they are depicted as graphic objects of various sizes. Drawings are better perceived by humans. And, even if the parameters of the depicted object, action, phenomenon are not known in advance, you can clearly compare the results from the drawing and draw certain conclusions. Such drawings are called graphs and diagrams.
Today we will get acquainted with diagrams.
A method of conventionally depicting numerical quantities and their relationships, using geometric means, is called a diagram.
Let's write down the definition of a diagram in our notebook.
A diagram is a way of visually presenting numerical data. (6 slide)
There are many types of charts. Diagrams can be planar or three-dimensional. Among the planar charts there are: graphs, columnar, line, dot, ring. We will study pie charts.(7,8 slides)
(9 slide) Explain the distribution diagram of land and water (teacher’s explanations)
(10 slide) Task No. 1. Using the Air Composition pie chart, tell what percentage of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases is in the air.
(11 slide) Task No. 2. Using a pie chart, tell us about the percentage distribution of the Earth's land area across continents.
Algorithm for constructing a diagram: (12 slide)
- Remember how many degrees a circle contains.
- What percentage accounts for the entire value, the whole?
- Determine how many angles the diagram will contain.
- Calculate how many degrees each angle is.
- Construct angles whose vertices will be at one point - the center of the circle.
- Choose a color scheme for each corner separately and for the diagram as a whole.
IV. Consolidating a new topic:(13 slide)
1) №1695:
Construct a pie chart of the distribution of daily food intake
Solution:(14 slide)
Daily norm - 100%
Circle-360
4 corners
360:100=3.6 - by 1%
3.6 * 25 =90 - breakfast
3.6 * 15 =54 – 2 breakfast, dinner
3.6 * 45 = 162 - lunch
Let's conclude: what is your diet? Does it match this diagram?
2) Creating diagrams using a PC (16 slide)
Have you noticed how much time you spent creating the chart by hand? Today, in practice, no one builds diagrams manually, or they do, but very rarely. There is a very good helper for doing this kind of work. This is a computer. Take your seats at the PC.
- You have a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet environment on your screen. Let’s enter the data from the “Balanced Nutrition” diagram into the table.
Slide captions:
Warm-up: Who teaches silently? Who will build our drawing? Well, of course (...) Two legs conspired to make arcs and circles. (...) She loves directness and is direct herself. Making a new trait helps us all. You can draw something without it. Guess, friends, what is this?(...) If you give her a job, the pencil was in vain.(...) Helps with the construction of angles (...) So that we can do our homework, not forget, We will write it down in (...)
Repetition: Task 1 Indicate the correspondence between the type of angles and their degree measure Acute angle Obtuse angle Straight angle Right angle 90 180 56 123
Pie charts Journey through the pages of the dictionary Examples of diagrams How to construct an angle (repetition) Solving problems Problems for independent solution Homework Links
Pie charts Diagram - (from the Greek image, drawing, drawing) a graphic image that clearly shows the relationship of any quantities. First explain what it is.
Pie Charts I got it! A diagram is a drawing of numerical data that allows you to compare a particular object. How to build a diagram? To draw a pie chart you need to: Draw a circle Calculate the number of percentages Convert them to degrees Use a protractor to draw angles Color the sectors with different colors
Pie Charts What are the advantages of charts over tables? What are the disadvantages of charts? Visualization, the ability to compare different quantities with each other, the ability to present a large amount of information. Approximate value of quantities
Pie Charts Magnetic iron ore contains 70% pure iron and the rest of the ore is gangue. To visually depict this situation, let's draw a circle and paint 70% of its area, and leave 30% of the area unpainted. Since there are 360° in a circle, we need to find 30% of 360°. To do this, divide 360 by 100 and multiply the quotient by 30. We get: 360: 100 * 30 = 108. This means that we need to draw two radii at an angle of 108° and paint the part of the circle outside this angle. We get a drawing. It is called a pie chart.
Pie charts No. The number of parts in the circle will depend on the conditions of the problem. Sometimes to create a pie chart you have to break the circle into many parts. So that the circle will always be divided into 2 parts?
Pie Charts Example of a pie chart of ocean areas. The Pacific Ocean has an area of 179 million km2, the Atlantic Ocean - 93 million km2, the Indian Ocean - 75 million km2, the Arctic Ocean - 13 million km2.
How to build an angle (repetition)
Pie charts
Pie charts
Problem solving
Pie charts There are 30 students in a class: 12 boys and 18 girls. Let's draw a circle corresponding to the total number of students. 360⁰: 30 =12⁰ corresponds to 1 student. 12⁰ * 12 = 144⁰ - angle corresponding to the number of boys 360⁰ - 144⁰ =216⁰ - - angle corresponding to the number of girls 144⁰ 216⁰ girls boys
Pie charts Let's solve the problem: Land on Earth is distributed in this way: meadows and pastures - 21%, forests - 30%, arable lands - 11%, other lands - 38%. Solution: 100% - 360⁰ (circle) 1% - 3.6⁰ 21% - 21*3.6⁰= 75.6⁰ 30% - 30*3.6⁰= 108⁰ 11% - 11*3.6⁰= 39.6⁰ 38 % - 38*3.6⁰= 136.8⁰
Pie charts Meadows and pastures - 75.6⁰ Forests - 108⁰ Arable lands - 39.6⁰ Other Lands - 136.8⁰ Other lands 136.8⁰ Forests 108⁰ Meadows and pastures - 75.6⁰ Arable lands 39.6⁰
Pie charts To solve the problem, let's draw a circle. Crop areas on Earth are distributed as follows: Wheat - 30% Corn - 16% Barley - 11% Rice - 19% Other crops - 24% 30% 16% 11% 19% 24%
Problems to solve independently
Pie charts Dunno sells newspapers. Monday – 20 Tuesday – 25 Wednesday – 32 Thursday – 30 Friday – 23 Saturday – 30 Sunday – 20. Construct a pie chart “Newspaper Sales”
Pie charts Construct a pie chart “Nutrition norms for girls aged 11-13 years”. Girls 11-13 years old should receive 85g of protein, 85g of fat, 340g of carbohydrates per day.
Pie charts Construct a pie chart “Distribution of time by a 5th grade student” Sleep - 9 hours. Studying at school - 6 hours Homework - 2 hours Rest - 3 hours Working with a PC - 0.5 hours Watching TV - 1.5 hours Is it possible to build a diagram? What else can you do with your time?
Homework Create a diagram (one to choose from): Number of words read per minute (grade 5). Number of students by grade (grades 5-8). Population of the capitals of the world. Population of the countries of the world. Life expectancy in different countries. Number of migrants in 2005. Number of lessons in subjects (5th grade per year). Areas of countries of the world.
Pie charts of municipal educational institution "Eliseevskaya secondary school" Mathematics teacher Irina Anatolyevna Milyutina Interest What is interest? Chart Title pear banana apple kiwi orange Questions What is a pie chart called?
