Management in St. Petersburg State University what to take. Best Business School in Eastern Europe

Accounting and taxes 27.10.2020
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Professional trajectories

  • Information management
  • Logistics
  • Marketing
  • Financial management
  • Human Resource Management

Accreditation

The program meets the requirements of employers and world-class academic standards, which is confirmed by the EQUIS accreditation of the European Foundation for Management Development - EFMD (confirmation of the extension for 3 years was received on December 11, 2018).

Benefits of learning

  • The program is aimed at applicants wishing to build a successful career in various functional divisions of Russian and international companies.
  • Graduates of the program speak English at a level comparable to the B2 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Foreign Languages.
  • The program is designed taking into account professional standards and employers' opinions on the competencies necessary for a successful career of graduates.
  • Faculty with teaching experience in leading foreign business schools, which also includes guest lecturers from the best foreign business schools and representatives of leaders of the professional community.
  • Development of language competencies thanks to a bilingual learning environment (the program is implemented in Russian and English).
  • The design nature of the annual coursework carried out on the materials of international and Russian companies operating in various sectors of the economy.
  • The opportunity to study for one semester at one of the leading business schools in Europe, Asia, North and South America.
  • Communication with potential employers in the framework of regular career days, seminars and trainings with company representatives.
  • Opportunity to participate in professional contests and case championships held by L'Oréal, BNP Paribas, Henkel and others.

Famous teachers

  • Yu. E. Blagov - PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of the Department of Strategic and International Management, Director of the Center for Corporate Social Responsibility PricewaterhouseCoopers, Director of the Project Management in Social Entrepreneurship Program, author of over 60 publications on corporate social responsibility
  • T. A. Gavrilova - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Head of the Department of Information Technologies in Management, author of over 180 publications on knowledge management, knowledge engineering and intelligent systems
  • Yu.V. Fedotov - Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Operational Management, author of more than 60 publications on assessing the effectiveness of a firm's activities and supply chain management
  • S. A. Yablonskiy - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Information Technologies in Management, author of over 200 publications on knowledge management, multilateral platforms, e-commerce
  • S. A. Starov - Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Marketing, author of over 80 publications on brand management, corporate branding

Creation project Graduate School of Management (GSOM) of St. Petersburg State University was initiated in 2005 as an integral part of the Priority National Project (PNP) "Education". The goal of the GSOM SPbU project is to create a world-class domestic business school to train the national management elite, designed to ensure Russia's high international competitiveness in the economy of the 21st century. According to the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 25, 2006 No. 576-r, GSOM is created on the basis of the Faculty of Management of St. Petersburg State University as a structural unit of the University. The Faculty of Management of St. Petersburg State University was established in 1993 as the first Russian business school in the status of a faculty of the country's leading classical university and began with 33 undergraduate students and 4 full-time teachers. The faculty has grown rapidly thanks to three key competitive differentiators:

  1. adherence to the “university business school” model and compliance with the high academic reputation of St. Petersburg State University;
  2. initial orientation to international standards of business education: the faculty was created in strategic partnership with the business school named after Haas University of California at Berkeley - one of the leading in the world;
  3. a strong emphasis on the development of corporate relations: already in 1993, an international Board of Trustees of the Faculty was created (the first of its kind in Russian business education), which for the first 10 years was headed by J. I. Pepper, General Manager of Procter & Gamble.

Over the 15-year period of development, dynamic growth has been demonstrated: in 2008 the number of students exceeded 1,300 people, and the Association of its graduates had 3,000 professional managers. In many aspects - the content and organization of the educational process, the development of scientific research in the field of management, the scale and level of internationalization and corporate relations - the faculty has become one of the recognized leaders in the modernization of university education in Russia. Here, in 1999, the country's first English-language master's degree in management in the European ECTS standard was opened, bachelor's, MBA and postgraduate programs were successfully developed, two leading scientific journals were published ("Russian Journal of Management" and "Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University. Series" Management "), since 1994 a highly professional Career Center has been operating, and in 2006 the faculty was admitted as the only representative of Russia to the Community of European Management Schools.

The Graduate School of Management was organized (in the status of a Faculty of St. Petersburg State University) in early 2007 through the transformation by merging three structural divisions of the University - the Faculty of Management, the Special Faculty of Retraining in Management and the Research Institute of Management. To create the GSOM campus, the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation transferred the Mikhailovskaya Dacha Palace and Park Ensemble (DPA) to St. Petersburg State University, where on November 29, 2006, the ceremony of laying the foundation stone of the campus was held with the participation of Russian President Vladimir Putin. The GSOM Board of Trustees is chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Government, Sergei Ivanov, and includes heads of 20 leading Russian and international companies.

Educational programs

In 2008 GSOM SPbU recruited three educational diploma programs:

Dual Degree Executive MBA in English. A joint program with the Higher School of Commerce in Paris (HEC Paris) on a "two diploma" model lasting 18 months consists of 12 modules plus one of two optional modules, which are held in St. Petersburg, Paris, USA, Belgium and one of the Asian countries ... Graduates of the program will receive two diplomas: the state diploma "Master of Business Administration", which is issued by the Graduate School of Management of St. Petersburg State University, and the "Executive Master of Business Administration" diploma of the NEC Paris business school and the French Ministry of Education.

Executive MBA in Russian. The modular program, lasting two calendar years, consists of 14 core courses covering all areas of modern management without specialization by industry, as well as 16 elective courses in accordance with professional and personal interests. After the first academic year, a week-long field study module is held at a European business school. Graduates of the program receive a state diploma "Master of Business Administration".

Concept and stages of development of GSOM SPbU

The general concept and stages of creation and development of GSOM SPbSU were discussed and approved by the Academic Council of Saint Petersburg State University and the Board of Trustees of GSOM SPbU (Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation S. B. Ivanov). The creation and development of GSOM SPbU as a world-class Russian business school is planned to be carried out in three stages. Stage I (2007-2010) - "stage of formation": completion of the formation of a portfolio of educational programs and their launch; obtaining the first international accreditations for GSOM programs; opening of the first stage of the campus; Stage II (2011-2014) - “growth stage”: obtaining and / or confirmation of all three major international institutional accreditations (EQUIS, AACSB, AMBA); expansion of programs (primarily MBA and EMBA); transformation of GSOM into an internationally recognized center for scientific research in the field of management; Stage III (since 2015) - "stage of maturity": strengthening the international competitiveness of GSOM and entering the rankings of leading business schools in Europe and the world.

GSOM SPbSU students

Currently, about 1300 people study at GSOM diploma programs, including about 900 in first higher education programs, more than 100 in magistracy, 250 in Executive MBA and professional retraining programs, and about 50 in postgraduate studies. The main "points of growth" in the coming years will be the MBA / EMBA and Master's programs (implemented entirely in the European ECTS standard). Today GSOM employs 70 full-time teachers, 2/3 of whom have successful teaching experience in English for Master's and EMBA programs at GSOM and abroad. By 2015, 1800 students will study at GSOM at the same time, 1000 of them in post-bachelor programs. The number of full-time teachers will increase by 2012 to 90-100, and at least 30% of students and teachers of GSOM will be foreign.

International accreditations, communications and programs GSOM SPbU

The system of measures for the creation and development of GSOM SPbU implemented in 2006-2007 within the framework of the PNP "Education" (taking into account the potential accumulated in 1993-2006 of the Faculty of Management of SPbSU) has made it possible to form a solid foundation for further successful development of GSOM according to the business schools ”and receive serious international recognition of the project. Currently, GSOM is the only representative of the Russian Federation in the Community of European Management Schools (CEMS), which admits leading European business schools on the basis of an external audit of their master's programs. In 2007, other key GSOM programs also successfully passed the procedures of international accreditation under the AMBA (EMBA program) and EPAS (undergraduate program) systems. Association of MBAs (AMBA) was founded in the UK in 1967. Its goals are to support and promote postgraduate programs, to ensure their quality. The Association promotes interaction between business schools, potential MBA students, MBA students, program alumni, and employers. The GSOM SPbU Executive MBA program passed the review of the AMBA international accreditation commission at the end of 2007. The European Foundation for Management Development Programs Accreditation System (EPAS) emerged in 2005 in response to the need for pan-European and global program accreditation, especially under the influence of the Bologna reform in Europe. EPAS accreditation recognizes high quality diploma programs (from bachelor's to doctoral degrees) that have a strong international focus. The accreditation program places great emphasis on 3 points: high quality education in general, a high degree of internationalization, and close ties with business. At the end of 2007, the GSOM SPbU Bachelor's programs were tested by the international accreditation commission EPAS. By the decision of the EFMD (European Foundation for Management Development) and the EPAS Accreditation Commission dated April 23, 2008, the Bachelor's Program of the Graduate School of Management of St. Petersburg State University received EPAS accreditation.

GSOM is an institutional member of all major international professional associations of business schools: the European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD), the European Academy for Business in Society (EABiS), the Global Leadership Development Initiative (GRLI). In October 2007, GSOM (the only Russian business school) was accepted as a candidate for the largest association of the world's leading business schools, the Partnership in International Management (PIM). In October 2008, by the decision of the Commission for admission to the International Community, the Graduate School of Management SPbU was accepted as a full member of PIM.

GSOM actively develops international diploma programs according to the “two diploma” system: in 2007 a master's program was opened with Lappeenranta University of Technology (Finland), in 2008 an international EMBA program was opened in cooperation with NES (France), which ranks 1st among European business schools in the consolidated rating of the Financial Times.

GSOM has 26 partners from among the leading business schools in Europe and North America, with whom student exchanges (mainly undergraduates) are intensively developing for inclusive education with full credit of ECTS courses: in the 2007/08 academic year, GSOM welcomes more than 100 students from these schools and 100 GSOM students study at these schools for a semester.

Concepts, curricula and regulations of the educational process for MBA, IEMBA programs (together with NES (France), PhD, planned to open in 2008-2010) have been developed. Together with other faculties of St. Petersburg State University, professional training programs "Management in health care" (with medical faculty) and "Management of the development of the organization" (with the faculty of psychology).

Scientific research

The Graduate School of Management of St. Petersburg State University is a research business school, whose teachers and researchers consider their mission to create new knowledge in the field of management theory and practice. This is expressed in: the use of advanced management ideas; orientation towards publications in leading academic journals, including foreign ones, wide cooperation in research with domestic and foreign centers of management thought; participation in representative international conferences and forums.

The Institute for Strategy, Leadership and Innovation is the organizational structure for supporting scientific research at GSOM, uniting the scientific work of all employees. The Institute for Strategy, Leadership and Innovation also runs a Publications Program consisting of two academic journals and a number of scientific series. The Institute for Strategy, Leadership and Innovation, along with individual conferences, workshops and seminars, hosts three annual research conferences.

  • The Graduate School of Management, SPbU, has developed a wide range of teaching materials to support the development of existing and launching new graduate and short-term (Executive Education) programs of GSOM.
  • In 2006 and 2007, GSOM teachers published more than 30 textbooks and monographs on new for Russia sections of management theory and practice. An extensive bank of full-format and mini-cases has been prepared (including jointly with foreign partners), 50 full-format cases of GSOM are registered with the European Case Clearing House. On the basis of GSOM, the creation of the Russian resource center for cases is being completed.
  • The research potential of GSOM is actively formed and is developing, focused on international management research standards. Many projects are being developed jointly with other faculties of St. Petersburg State University (mathematics and mechanics, sociology, applied mathematics - management processes, history). GSOM is a Russian participant in the Global Entrepreneurship Research Project (GEM), the European Academy of Marketing (EMAC), the European Association for Business Ethics Researchers (EBEN), and the International Association of Public Sector Economics Researchers (ASPE). In 2007, a number of works by GSOM teachers and postgraduates were published or accepted for publication in international scientific journals on management. The Director of the Management Research Institute at GSOM is Professor Simon Commander, Lead Economist at the EBRD and formerly Head of the New and Emerging Markets Research Center at London Business School.
  • GSOM is rapidly becoming an important communication platform for speeches by leaders of the international academic and business communities, as well as for dialogue between business, scientists and government officials. In 2007, the Nobel Laureate in Economics 2005 R. Aumann gave lectures at the GSOM, H. Takeuchi and I. Adizes in the series "Management Gurus at GSOM", in 2008 - an outstanding expert in the field of game theory, Professor John F. Nash (1994 Nobel Laureate in Economics). A seminar on public-private partnerships was held in Russia jointly with the Administration of St. Petersburg and the American Chamber of Commerce. A number of projects in the field of entrepreneurship development have been implemented jointly with the US-Russia Center for Entrepreneurship.
  • The series of guest lectures of the companies - members of the GSOM Board of Trustees have begun. In particular, the project “Citi-Academy in the field of finance and management” has been launched, a similar program starts with IBM. The Career Center holds Career Days twice a year with the participation of 10-12 leading Russian and international companies.
  • GSOM is developing as a leading center of competence in the field of educational and scientific management programs. In 2007, at the initiative of the Council of the Russian Association of Business Education (RABO), GSOM held seminars for heads of Russian business schools on the development of business schools within universities and on organizing scientific research in management, as well as an international scientific and practical conference on corporate and social responsibility ... In 2006-2007, GSOM held 2 summer schools of the Russian Management Journal (published by the Faculty of Management of St. Petersburg State University since 2003), in which more than 60 young researchers from 33 Russian universities and institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences took part. Agreements have been concluded on the provision of support from the GSOM to the development of business education programs at the Siberian Federal University and the Ural State University.
  • GSOM has a library and IT resources that meet the modern standards of the world's leading business schools. The library's electronic resources are (in terms of the GSOM profile) unique for Russia.

Graduate School of Management, St. Petersburg State University (GSOM SPbSU) - Russian business school, institute of St. Petersburg State University. The school was founded in 2007 within the framework of the Priority National Project "Education" on the basis of the Faculty of Management of St. Petersburg State University, opened in 1993. In February 2014, she received the status of an institute of St. Petersburg State University.

Graduate School of Management, St. Petersburg State University
Saint Petersburg State University
English name Graduate School of Management, St. Petersburg University
Year of foundation
Director Dergunova Olga Konstantinovna
Location
Website gsom.spbu.ru

History

In 1993, the Faculty of Management was opened at St. Petersburg State University - the first business school in Russia, which is a university faculty. Initially, 33 bachelor students studied at the faculty, and the staff included 4 teachers. The first dean of the school was Professor Yu. V. Pashkus, a famous Russian scientist in the field of financial management.

In 2007, by order of the government of the Russian Federation, the Graduate School of Management was established on the basis of the Faculty of Management. The school was established as part of the Education National Project as one of two business schools. The second school listed in the program is Skolkovo. The school also included duplicate structural units - the Special Faculty of Retraining for Management and the Research Institute of Management. In 1996 V.S.Katkalo was appointed dean of GSOM. Under his leadership, GSOM received international accreditations EQUIS, EPAS and AMBA, became the only representative of Russia in the global alliances of leading business schools CEMS and PIM. In 2010, V.S.Katkalo left this post and took the position of vice-rector in the areas of "geology" and "management", the duties of the dean were temporarily assigned to S.P. Kushch. In 2012, A. L. Kostin, Chairman of the Board of VTB Bank, was elected dean of GSOM.

Since 2013, GSOM has been included in the rating of the Financial Times business newspaper (rating of Master in Management programs and rating of European business schools). Since 2015, GSOM bachelors have been studying at the Mikhailovskaya Dacha campus. The first stone was laid by Russian President V.V.Putin back in 2006, so the protracted construction process contributed to the development of scandals in the media.

Programs

Structure

GSOM SPbU includes 8 departments:

  • Department of State and Municipal Administration.
  • Department of Information Technologies in Management.
  • Department of Marketing.
  • Department of Operations Management.
  • Department of Organizational Behavior and Personnel Management.
  • Department of Strategic and International Management.
  • Department of Finance and Accounting.
  • Department of Business Foreign Language.

In addition, the School has international research centers:

  • Center for Public-Private Partnership
  • Center for corporate social responsibility
  • Center for Entrepreneurship
  • Center for Strategic Marketing and Innovation
  • Center for International Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Deutsche Bahn and Russian Railways

International ratings and accreditations

The GSOM SPbU received its first international accreditation in 2008. The Executive MBA program has confirmed its compliance with the international AMBA standards. In the same year, GSOM SPbU bachelor's programs are the first in Russia to receive EPAS accreditation. In 2012, the St. Petersburg School receives EQUIS accreditation, and in 2013 - ACCA. To receive the Triple Crown, GSOM SPbU lacks AASCB accreditation.

At the moment GSOM SPbU is a member of international organizations:

  • Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB)
  • International Association of MBA (Association of MBAs - AMBA)
  • Academy of Business in Society (ABIS)
  • Community of European Management Schools (CEMS)
  • European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD)
  • Global Responsible Leadership Initiative (GRLI)
  • Partnership in International Management (PIM)
  • Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC)
  • International community of leading business schools (Global Business School Network - GBSN)

Since 2013, GSOM SPbU and the School's programs have been included in the world rankings of business education.

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Financial Times Masters in Management 65 56 46 39 23 23
Financial Times European Business Schools - - - 64 57 52
Which MBA? The Economist Masters in Management - - - - 37
QS World University Rankings Masters in Management - - - - - 83
QS World University Rankings Masters in Finance 2019 - - - - - 69
People's rating of Russian business schools MBA.SU 1 1 1 1 2 1

Scientific research

GSOM SPbU regularly hosts prestigious international scientific conferences (including with the participation of Nobel Prize laureates in economics J. Nash, R. Aumann, R. Selten, R. Myerson), leading scientific journals are published - Russian Management Journal and Vestnik SPbU. Series "Management." Among the regular - conferences on the problems of reforming the public sector, (Public Sector Transition), game theory (Game Theory and Management), Pashkus readings. In 2010, GSOM SPbU took part in organizing and holding the 9th the annual colloquium and the 8th postgraduate conference of EABIS - Academy of Business in Society.

Teaching Staff

In 2011, GSOM SPbU employed more than 60 full-time teachers, 20 of them were foreign [ ]. Two-thirds of the faculty have experience teaching in English on Master's and EMBA programs at GSOM and abroad [ ] .

International relations

Today GSOM SPbU has 76 international academic partners. They all accept exchange students from the St. Petersburg School. Among them:

  • Higher Commercial School of Paris
  • University of Commerce. Luigi Bocconi
  • ESADE School of Business
  • Graduate School of Business COPPEAD of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

In addition, graduate students have access to 3 programs based on the “Two Diploma” model. The first such program appeared in 2007 with the Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT-Lappeenranta). In 2009, GSOM SPbU launched a joint degree master's program with the Global Alliance CEMS.

In 1993, a board of trustees was created at the faculty.

The board was originally chaired by Procter & Gamble CEO J. I. Pepper. In 2007, he was replaced by S. B. Ivanov, who then held the post of Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation.

The council includes ministers of the Russian Federation, the leadership of St. Petersburg State University, major Russian entrepreneurs, industrialists and bankers, as well as representatives of world management schools and international corporations.

Library

The GSOM SPbU library has a wide collection of literature on management and related sciences. The total number of storage units exceeds 80 thousand copies, annually subscribes more than 180 domestic and 70 foreign specialized periodicals. The number of records in the electronic catalog exceeds 70 thousand. Provides access to large databases and electronic resources. The library serves readers in the subscription and reading room mode. The library can be used by any reader who has a single library card of the Scientific Library named after M. Gorky St. Petersburg State University and the plastic library card of the Management Library.

Notes

  1. Graduate School of Management website (unspecified) ... Retrieved May 3, 2011. Archived February 29, 2012.
  2. Graduate School of Management, St. Petersburg State University (Russian)... RIA News. Date of treatment December 27, 2019.
  3. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 25, 2006 No. 576-r (unspecified) ... Retrieved May 3, 2011. Archived February 29, 2012.
  4. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation (unspecified) . (unavailable link)
  5. Business schools (Official website of priority national projects) (unspecified) ... Retrieved May 5, 2010. Archived February 29, 2012.
  6. Order of the Rector of St. Petersburg State University dated January 29, 2007 No. 83/1 (unspecified) ... Retrieved May 3, 2011. Archived February 29, 2012.
  7. Profile on the GSOM SPbU website Archived February 8, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  8. Manager's Paradise 20 Billion (unspecified) ... www.fontanka.ru (February 2, 2014). Date of treatment December 27, 2019.
  9. Business school rankings from the Financial Times - FT.com (unspecified) ... rankings.ft.com. Date of treatment March 13, 2019.

Graduate School of Management (GSOM SPbSU) is one of the structural educational and scientific divisions of St. Petersburg State University - the leading national center for education and science. The Graduate School of Management of St. Petersburg State University is a unique model of a successful Russian business school. The success of the school project was confirmed in 2012 by obtaining the institutional accreditation of EQUIS (European Quality Improvement System).

Today, the Graduate School of Management, St. Petersburg State University is the first and currently the only business school in Russia and the CIS that has been awarded this international accreditation. The high quality of educational programs is confirmed by prestigious program accreditations: - AMBA (Executive MBA program) and EPAS (bachelor's programs).

Program Format Duration The cost
rub.
Executive MBA (MBA for executives) 2 years
modular 1 900 000
MBA "Challenges of the Digital World" 14 months
modular 1 200 000
Master in Management 2 years
full-time
full-time
867 800
"Corporate Finance" (Master in Corporate Finance - MCF) 2 years
full-time
full-time
915 000
"Business analytics and big data" (Master in Business Analytics and Big Data - MiBA) 2 years
full-time
full-time
915 000
"Program" Management and development of urban agglomerations "(Master in Urban Management and Development - MUMD) 2 years
full-time
full-time
915 000

Additional Information

  • Graduate School of Management, St. Petersburg State University, the only Russian business school, entered the top 75 European business schools in the international ranking Financial Times 2018.
  • GSOM SPbU ranks 1st among Russian business schools in the ranking of the international rating agency Eduniversal (2008-2016).
  • In the National rating of the portal websiteBased on a survey of MBA alumni, GSOM SPbU takes 1st place among Russian business schools in Russia (2011-2016), 2nd place (2017), 1st place (2018).
  • The international recognition of GSOM SPbU is confirmed by its membership in global associations of leading business schools: EFMD, AACSB, CEMS, PIM, EABIS, GBSN, GRLI.
  • The main asset of the business school is its faculty, most of whom are prominent researchers and consultants, well known for their proficiency in classrooms and publications in leading international scientific journals. The development of the international faculty and its research potential are priorities in the implementation of the competitive strategy of GSOM SPbU.

The Graduate School of Management Institute (GSOM SPbSU) is a structural subdivision of Saint Petersburg State University.

GSOM SPbU implements a full range of degree programs in the field of management: bachelor's, master's, postgraduate studies, Executive MBA (executive program), as well as corporate training programs. All of them are developed and implemented (many in English) in collaboration with world leaders in business education.

Today, the Graduate School of Management of St. Petersburg State University is a unique model of a successful Russian business school. The success of the school project was confirmed in 2012 by obtaining the international institutional accreditation EQUIS (EFMD Quality Improvement System) of the European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD). GSOM SPbU is the first and currently the only business school in Russia and the CIS that has been awarded this prestigious accreditation. The high quality of educational programs is also confirmed by the recognized international program accreditation - AMBA (Executive MBA program). The largest clients of GSOM SPbSU corporate educational programs are such companies as PJSC VTB Bank, PJSC NK Rosneft, PJSC Sberbank of Russia, OJSC Russian Railways, PJSC ANK Bashneft, IBM, OJSC Lenenergo and many others.

The business school's main asset is its faculty, most of whom are eminent researchers and consultants, well known for their classroom prowess and publications in leading international scientific journals. The development of the international faculty and its research potential are priorities in the implementation of the competitive strategy of GSOM SPbU.

The School has 6 international research centers: the Center for Entrepreneurship, the Center for Corporate Social Responsibility (in cooperation with PwC), the Center for Strategic Marketing and Innovation, the Center for International Logistics and Supply Chain Management (in cooperation with Russian Railways and Deutsche Bahn) , Center for Public-Private Partnership Research Laboratory, Center for Russian Multinational Companies and Emerging Markets.

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