The history of the emergence of the architect profession is brief. A profession at the intersection of sciences: who is an architect? Philosophical concept of the architect profession

Development 28.11.2020

Chercher

The profession of architect is one of the oldest. In the countries of the Ancient East, it was one of the most honorable and available only to the nobility. In Ancient Egypt, an architect received his education in scribe schools, and usually learned his craft in the family: skills and techniques were passed on from generation to generation. IN Ancient Greece(V-II centuries BC) the training of architects was carried out in small private schools under the guidance of experienced craftsmen. On the content of architectural education in the last centuries BC. e. can be judged by the classic work of the Roman architect Vitruvius"Ten books about architecture" (2nd half of the 1st century BC). Architectural education included not only knowledge in the field of building materials, construction, building structures, but also information from geometry, astronomy, history, philosophy, etc. With the development of construction in the Roman Empire, special architectural schools began to be created to train architects. The experience of architectural education in the Roman Empire was adopted by Byzantium and other countries of the Middle East, where new problems were solved in the construction of a new type of religious buildings. In the Middle Ages, the training of architects began to concentrate in monasteries, and in the cities of Western Europe, architects received training in guild workshops, where the continuity of professions was maintained. During the Renaissance in Italy and neighboring European countries, the guild system of architectural education received a new qualitative development. The greatest Italian art theorist Alberti in "Ten Books on Architecture" characterizes the architect as a universal master and scientist, combining in himself an artist and an engineer. In the guild workshops, the future architect was sent to study with a certain master, under whose guidance he studied architectural art, classical monuments, the so-called. orders, building materials, mastered methods of processing them, knowledge in the field of mathematics and other sciences. Many outstanding architects of the Renaissance - Brunelleschi, Bramante, Michelangelo and others, after apprenticeship with the master, improved their architectural education by participating in excavations and studying ancient monuments.

In the 17th-18th centuries. In Italy, France, and then in a number of other European countries, academies of fine arts were opened, in which architects, along with artists and sculptors, were trained (in 1671 a special Royal Academy of Architecture was founded in France). In academic workshops, future architects each received practical training from their own master of architecture. The academies developed and published universal courses in architecture that had scientific significance for their time.

In the middle of the 19th century. appeared in France, Germany, Russia and some other countries. higher technical schools, including civil engineering, which began to train, in particular, architectural engineers. This led to the division of the profession of architect into two - the architect-artist - for the construction of monumental buildings and the architectural engineer, or civil engineer - for the construction of utilitarian buildings. The division of the architectural school into artistic and technical in a number of Western countries(for example, in Austria, France, Germany, Switzerland) remains to this day. Architects cumming art schools, are required to pass state technical exams to obtain a builder's license, which extends the period of architectural education, sometimes up to 8-10 years.

The origins of architectural education in Russia go back to the period of formation of the Old Russian state (10th century). In ancient times, artels of builders trained masters of architecture in practice. In the 16th-17th centuries. In Moscow, training of stone craftsmen was organized under state control in the Order of Stone Affairs. Peter I sent young architects to study in Holland and other Western countries. Europe and designed the founding of the Academy of Arts. In 1749 in Moscow, several private professional schools, “architectural teams” merged into the team of an outstanding architect D.V. Ukhtomsky. In 1757 in St. Petersburg the “Academy of the Three Most Notable Arts” was founded, transformed in 1764 into the Academy of Arts headed by A.F. Kokorinov, Outstanding Russian architects emerged from the walls of the Academy. Student of Ukhtomsky M.F. Kazakov founded at the end of the 18th century. architectural school at the Expedition of the Kremlin building in Moscow. Since 1866, the School of Painting and Sculpture (founded in Moscow in 1846) began training architects and received the name School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (existed until 1918). In the middle of the 19th century. The Institute of Civil Engineers was opened in St. Petersburg to train construction specialists, including architects (their training was dominated by technical sciences). philosophical profession architect engineering

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the system of architectural education was based on the principle of combining artistic and technical training of the future architect. Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, signed by V.I. Lenin (November 19, 1920), the Higher Art and Technical Workshops (Vkhutemas), including architectural ones, were created in Moscow on the basis of the former School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. In 1926-27, Vkhutemas was reorganized into the Higher Art and Technical Institute (Vkhutein), where specialization in various types of structures, city planning and decorative-spatial architecture was introduced at the Faculty of Architecture. In 1930, on the basis of the architectural faculty of Vkhutein and the same faculty, organized in 1916 at the Moscow Higher Technical School, the Higher Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering was created, from 1933 - Moscow Architectural Institute, which became the center of architectural education in the country.

Over the years Soviet power A network of architectural faculties and departments has been created at universities of various profiles - civil engineering, art, polytechnic. In the USSR in 1968 there were about 40 such faculties and departments, including in Leningrad, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Rostov-on-Don, Kyiv, Lvov, Kharkov, Minsk, Tallinn, Riga, Kaunas, Vilnius, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Baku, Tashkent, Samarkand, Alma-Ata, etc.

1. Presentation of the profession
Architect (translated from Greek as chief builder, architect) is a responsible profession, in the full sense of the word. A lot depends on the work of the architect: what kind of houses people will live in, how cities will be built, whether roads will be laid correctly, what apartments and work spaces will look like. There are opinions that the profession of an architect has more responsibility than the profession of medicine, because the architect’s mistakes will be visible to other people even after many years. It is no coincidence that in ancient times it was the architect who stood under the newly erected bridge when its strength was tested. After all, it depended on his work how suitable this structure would be for use, and he was responsible for this “with his head.” But, on the other hand, behind this responsibility lies an interesting and fascinating activity of an architect, which provides enormous opportunities to leave your mark on the history of a particular city, house or building, to create a masterpiece of architectural creativity, to recreate some kind of architectural relic.
If in ancient times the architect was the main builder and was responsible for the entire construction process, then over time the inevitable specialization in the construction business led to the fact that the architect began to deal only with the initial stage of the construction technological chain. A modern architect develops building projects in the form of drawings or a model, according to which the designer performs calculations, and the foreman carries out construction. The idea and concept of the object being built depends on the architect, so the profession of an architect is also a creative profession that requires both developed imagination and imaginative thinking, as well as painstaking work. The leading activity of an architect is the creation of an artistic image and its embodiment on whatman paper or in a computer program. This could be an urban area, an industrial building, a bridge, a landscape, a road, etc. Architects also translate customer wishes into real and technically feasible requirements, and well-thought-out principles for implementing these requirements.
Advantages of the profession: high social status, intellectual work, professional development opportunities.
Limitations of the profession: high responsibility, long-term specialization.

2. Type and class of profession
The profession of an architect belongs to the “Human - Artistic image", it is focused on work related to the creation, design, modeling of space and building structures.
An additional type of profession is “Man – Sign”, since the work of an architect is also associated with various sign information: numbers, formulas and tables, drawings, diagrams.
The profession of an architect belongs to the class of “heuristic (creative)”. It is concerned with analysis, research and testing, control and planning, design and engineering.

3. Contents of the activity
An architect is called a technologist environment. After all, the main task of an architect is to develop new and optimize existing environmental planning solutions necessary for the normal functioning of a person - from an apartment to an entire city.
The main activities for an architect are:
development of layouts and plans settlements, district and quarter planning of cities;
selection of designs and materials according to special albums for construction, so that all dimensions, references, calculations are observed and at the same time the artistic intent of the architect is not affected;
design of residential, public and industrial facilities (factories, houses, kindergartens, schools, etc.);
reconstruction, restoration of old cities, architectural monuments;
landscape organization (creation of parks, public gardens, recreation areas, children's and sports grounds, parking lots, etc.)
design of railways, highways and highways, pedestrian roads;
creation of small architectural forms (benches, gazebos, playgrounds, trash cans, fountains, decorative elements - steles);
development of projects for industrial enterprises;
interior design of residential and public buildings, organization of internal space;
coloristics and development of solutions for the color organization of landscapes and objects depending on functional, climatic, historical and cultural characteristics.
Architects, along with the actual design, can exercise author’s control over the conduct of construction and finishing works, engage in the selection of construction and finishing materials, furniture, equipment, calculation of work, preparation of estimates. In some cases, architects are directly involved in the coordination and approval of projects in special bodies supervising construction. First of all, this applies to cases of working with objects recognized as architectural monuments.

4. Working conditions
Most often, representatives of this profession work indoors. These can be offices of companies and organizations, design bureaus. The work takes place mainly while sitting, using a computer or special tools - paper, tablets, drawing boards, etc. As a rule, this is a quiet and calm activity, a minority of which involves business trips, travel or business meetings with clients.
The architect is quite independent in his activities and can make his own decisions within the framework of the assigned tasks, although he is limited by the realistic and practical requirements of a particular development, state standards and building codes. And, of course, the working conditions of architects may include visits to the construction sites of proposed objects, as well as participation in the delivery and acceptance of constructed objects.

5. Requirements for the knowledge and skills of a specialist
To successfully master the profession of an architect, knowledge of mathematics (descriptive geometry), drawing, computer science, and design is required.
A qualified architect should know:

drawing, art;
regulatory requirements construction and development;
fundamentals of architecture and design;
methods of design and carrying out technical and economic calculations;
technical, artistic, environmental and other requirements for the designed objects;
specific conditions for the implementation of projects, as well as advanced domestic and Foreign experience design and construction;
types and properties building materials and structures;
environmental protection requirements;
standards and technical specifications development and execution of design and estimate documentation;
technologies for construction and operation of facilities.

A qualified architect must be able to:

make drawings, draw;
to Work with computer programs that allow three-dimensional design of objects (for example, AutoCAD and 3D Studio MAX);
work with programs that allow you to work with two-dimensional graphics (CorelDraw, PhotoShop, etc.);
develop the architectural and construction part of projects based on architectural science, urban planning and the practice of using automation and design tools;
ready technical specifications for project development, to carry out designer’s supervision over the construction of designed facilities, etc.

6. Requirements for the individual characteristics of a specialist
To work successfully in the profession of an architect, you must have the following professionally important qualities:

developed logical abilities;
developed spatial-figurative thinking;
ability to concentrate;
propensity to work with information;
developed mathematical and design abilities;
a penchant for working with technology;
a penchant for creative work.

7. Medical contraindications
Medical restrictions for an architect:

diseases of the organs of vision;
diseases of the musculoskeletal system (especially the hands);
diseases of the nervous system.

In the presence of these diseases, work in the profession of an architect can lead to deterioration of health, as well as create insurmountable obstacles to mastery and growth within this profession.

8. Paths to obtaining a profession
The profession of an architect requires obtaining a higher vocational education. Basic knowledge of the profession can be obtained in secondary vocational institutions.
The profession of an architect is a serious choice, so for many specialists in this field it is the first and only choice. You can obtain the profession of an architect by graduating from a specialized secondary or higher educational institution of the relevant profile. Priority in the labor market is given to specialists with higher education or specialists with secondary specialized education, but who already have sufficient experience in this field.
As a rule, people enter the profession of architect who feel the desire and ability to engage in design, develop drawings and plans, have creative inclinations and are prone to artistic activity. The profession of an architect can be obtained as a second or third, however, here too, priority is given to people who were previously engaged in technical or artistic activities.
Information about educational institutions can be obtained from Internet resources.

9. Areas of application of the profession
Specialists with the profession of architect can work in such organizations and areas as:

research institutes and institutions;
design institutes;
architectural workshops;
design bureaus under ministries and departments;
architectural divisions on industrial enterprises;
architectural monuments;
companies dealing landscape design and repairs.

Architects can work as urban planners, designers, and restorers, and engage in private architectural practice.

10. Prospects career growth
Possible development paths for an architect:
Specialization, advanced training
Architects can follow the following professional path: higher professional education without requirements for work experience or secondary vocational education and work experience in the specialty of at least 2 years. Architect III category: higher professional education and work experience in design organizations. Architect II category: higher professional education and work experience in architectural positions filled by specialists with higher professional education, at least 2 years. Architect I category: higher professional education and work experience as an architect II category for at least 2 years.
Development of related areas
A professional architect can master related specializations, such as: restorer, designer, civil engineer, design engineer.
Organizing your own business, management career
IN in this case a person can start managing a group of architects, lead development projects, head a company, an architectural bureau, etc. In the case of this direction of career growth, it is recommended to develop entrepreneurial skills and master such professions as: entrepreneur, project manager.
Scientific career
The profession of an architect may involve a scientific path of development. In this case, a person can engage scientific activity in the field of architecture, immerse yourself in the study of architectural history, restoration, urban planning theory, etc.

11. Related professions
Interior and space designer

Architects and builders are responsible for where and how conveniently we live. They create beautiful homes, but they also build them economically and to last. The profession of an architect involves systems approach to construction, a sense of beauty and deep knowledge of people's lives.

What do architects do? They are engaged in the design of buildings (their facades and interiors), development project documentation and sometimes by calculating the reliability of structures. The main task of specialists is to design a reliable building and take into account all the wishes of the customer.

In addition to buildings, they design gardens, residential areas, industrial buildings (ports, factories), transport routes (subways, roads, bridges, funiculars) and much more.

In the construction industry there are ample opportunities to find something interesting for yourself and promising for your career.

Places of work

Architects needed:

construction companies;
design organizations and design studios;
government bodies (committees, urban planning commissions and other regulatory organizations).

History of the profession

The profession of an architect appeared simultaneously with the first large buildings of temples, palaces and fortresses. First famous history the architect was Imhotep. He supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser in Egypt.

Architects gained prestige during the high Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries. At this time, art and education were actively developing in Italy, and new styles of architecture appeared.

In modern times, construction has become more complex and larger-scale, and the position of architect has become very popular and clearly defined the scope of responsibilities. The architect now does not manage the entire construction of the object, but is only responsible for the design stage.

Responsibilities of an Architect

IN job responsibilities architect includes:

design of construction projects;
development of design documentation:
- architectural design layouts;
- drawings;
- estimates;
- tables and calculations;
communication with customers and project authors;
implementation of designer's supervision over the progress of construction;
participation in making complex decisions on construction projects.

Sometimes an architect does the following things:

3D visualization of future buildings;
development of design projects;
approvals of documentation in government agencies.

Requirements for an architect

The basic requirements for architects are:

higher specialized education;
2 years of work experience;
knowledge of design programs (minimum, AutoCAD);
Ability to prepare and read design documentation.

Sometimes an architect needs to know:

English at a conversational level;
modern building materials;
features of store design.

Architect resume sample

How to become an architect

The specialty of an architect can be obtained at many universities. A design or construction education will also provide useful knowledge and skills.

To become an architect, you can start working as a design engineer, interior designer or builder. In all these cases, the career ladder will lead to the management and design of large construction projects.

Architect salary

An architect's salary ranges from 30 to 110 thousand rubles per month. The region of work and the level of facilities under construction, of course, significantly affect earnings. average salary architect about 50 thousand rubles per month.

Where to get training

In addition to higher education, there are a number of short-term training on the market, usually lasting from a week to a year.

Interregional Academy of Construction and industrial complex and her direction courses "".

The Institute of Professional Education "IPO" invites you to take distance courses in the direction of "" (there are options 256, 512 and 1024 academic hours) with obtaining a diploma or certificate state standard. We have trained more than 8,000 graduates from almost 200 cities. You can undergo external training and receive interest-free installments.

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

1. Profession architect

2. Philosophical concept of the architect profession

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Big beautiful new house

It grows in our quarter.

How many turrets are there on it?

And how it is all decorated!

So that this house can be built

Architect worked:

I first composed it in my mind

Ten two projects.

Then he took one

And on a piece of paper

I drew a sectional view of the house -

All the details are important here.

Here is the cornice, and here is the facade,

There is an arch and balconies,

A strict row of high windows,

Below the tree crowns.

Well, yes, trees. And about them

The architect thought -

The chestnuts are a new home for the thick ones

Should be according to the project.

But now, look, around

And construction began to boil.

There are a thousand workers here

We got down to business quickly.

The new house is growing beautifully.

And the architect looks

How is construction going here?

Is it according to the project?

With a roll of thick drawings

Almost non-stop

He has a tower of ten floors

Walks with a deft step.

The house is finally built

We admire from the balcony.

And the architect is great:

He's drawing a house again!

The architect is one of the most important professions on the ground. There are few professions on Earth in which the creative, constructive role of man is vividly embodied with the same force and his spiritual capabilities are revealed, as in the profession of an architect. With the help of architecture, humanity transforms the surrounding nature, making it more attractive and convenient for its physical and spiritual existence. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the profession of an architect - “chief builder” - has been respected and honored by society at all times and eras. “Every work of architecture begins in the mind of the architect, who forms his ideology” - this thought is still true today when we talk about the work of an architect. In fact, the basis of any architectural structure is an idea that originates in the imagination of its author. This idea receives its final form in the form of an architectural project thanks to the creative imagination of the architect and the wealth of his imagination.

1. Profession architect

The profession of architect is one of the oldest. In the countries of the Ancient East, it was one of the most honorable and available only to the nobility. In Ancient Egypt, an architect received his education in scribe schools, and usually learned his craft in the family: skills and techniques were passed on from generation to generation. In Ancient Greece (V-II centuries BC), the training of architects was carried out in small private schools under the guidance of experienced craftsmen. On the content of architectural education in the last centuries BC. e. can be judged by the classic work of the Roman architect Vitruvius"Ten books about architecture" (2nd half of the 1st century BC). Architectural education included not only knowledge in the field of building materials, construction, building structures, but also information from geometry, astronomy, history, philosophy, etc. With the development of construction in the Roman Empire, special architectural schools began to be created to train architects. The experience of architectural education in the Roman Empire was adopted by Byzantium and other countries of the Middle East, where new problems were solved in the construction of a new type of religious buildings. In the Middle Ages, the training of architects began to concentrate in monasteries, and in the cities of Western Europe, architects received training in guild workshops, where the continuity of professions was maintained. During the Renaissance in Italy and neighboring European countries, the guild system of architectural education received a new qualitative development. The greatest Italian art theorist Alberti in "Ten Books on Architecture" characterizes the architect as a universal master and scientist, combining in himself an artist and an engineer. In the guild workshops, the future architect was sent to study with a certain master, under whose guidance he studied architectural art, classical monuments, the so-called. orders, building materials, mastered methods of processing them, knowledge in the field of mathematics and other sciences. Many outstanding architects of the Renaissance - Brunelleschi, Bramante, Michelangelo and others, after apprenticeship with the master, improved their architectural education by participating in excavations and studying ancient monuments.

In the middle of the 19th century. appeared in France, Germany, Russia and some other countries. higher technical schools, including civil engineering, which began to train, in particular, architectural engineers. This led to the division of the profession of architect into two - the architect-artist - for the construction of monumental buildings and the architectural engineer, or civil engineer - for the construction of utilitarian buildings. The division of the architectural school into artistic and technical in a number of Western countries (for example, in Austria, France, Germany, Switzerland) remains to this day. Architects who graduate from art schools are required to pass state technical exams to obtain a builder's license, which extends the period of architectural education, sometimes up to 8-10 years.

During the years of Soviet power, a network of architectural faculties and departments was created at universities of various profiles - civil engineering, art, polytechnics. In the USSR in 1968 there were about 40 such faculties and departments, including in Leningrad, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Rostov-on-Don, Kyiv, Lvov, Kharkov, Minsk, Tallinn, Riga, Kaunas, Vilnius, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Baku, Tashkent, Samarkand, Alma-Ata, etc.

2. Philosophical concept of the architect profession

In order to understand the philosophical aspects in the work of an engineer, you need to understand what exactly they represent. What are philosophical aspects? Moreover, they are specific specifically to this field of activity. An explanation of this phrase, this concept inevitably leads to a number of questions, conclusions and answers to which will lead us to a generalized conclusion, which, in essence, will reveal the meaning of this phrase.

What is engineering activity?

It is interesting that in BES (Bolshoi Encyclopedic Dictionary) there is no definition of the word “engineer”, but if we take the word “engineering”, which is close in meaning, we can see the following definition.

Engineering - from lat. Ingenium - ingenuity, invention, knowledge. The connection between science and technology, the main provision of which is to bring innovation and development to production.

The engineer's goal is modernization, which should lead to harmonious development. It is not specified what exactly harmonious development should be, this is unnecessary. Any engineer must understand what this or that innovation will entail, and soberly assess what consequences this or that innovation will bring. From this we can conclude that the creation and development of technology, information processes, technology makes the activity of an engineer all-encompassing. In this regard, it should be noted that with full automation cycles, humans are excluded from technical system, but he still remains the main agent in the process of development, implementation and mastery of new equipment and technology. Analysis of engineering activity requires taking into account two concepts of technology: instrumentalist and social deterministic. Revealing their dialectics involves the use of systemic and activity-based approaches, as this will allow us to understand the sociocultural aspect, where technology and technology are considered in connection with the existence, needs and values of society. The need for a philosophical study of engineering activity is also caused by the negative consequences that resulted from a one-sided pragmatic approach to the creation and use of equipment and technologies. It is also necessary to take into account the dialectical relationship between goals, means, results, which allows us to foresee the prospects and consequences of new technical objects being created. Here on foreground questions are being raised about the humanization of technology and equipment that would not cause harm to humanity and nature. In this regard, the role of ideological and axiological aspects especially increases. The degree of scientific development of the problem in recent years shows that interest in the philosophy of technology as a specific area of philosophical knowledge has increased sharply. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the specifics of engineering activities. Genetically, this activity separated from technical activity with the advent of machine production. From this time on, engineering began to take shape as a profession associated with the regular application of scientific achievements in industrial practice.

So, summing up the above, we can answer the initial question of the section: what is engineering activity." As a result, we get the following:

Engineering activity is a form of attitude towards the environment, the content of which is its expedient change in the interests of harmonious modernization and innovative progress implemented at the production level.

And as a result, the answer to the question posed in this section gives us the right to move on to the next one.

Is there philosophy in engineering?

Any science in its highest manifestation “rests” on philosophy. Because the level of technology development today does not provide a sufficiently deep analysis that would lead us to the most detailed study of the processes characteristic of a particular discipline. Humanity still does not know as much as possible how fire burns, what current is, and it has not studied all the properties of water. It would seem that the simplest phenomena and processes that are present every day in our everyday life are still hidden from us. We don't know how they actually work, we just assume it based on the result.

It would seem that knowing this, one can immediately answer the question posed in the section, but, in the author’s opinion, it is necessary to consider in more detail the “design” of engineering activity itself, because this type activity, as in other things, each type has a number of features that distinguish it from others. And purpose this section It becomes no longer just a question of “is philosophy present”, but “how is philosophy present” in engineering activities.

Consideration of engineering activities in historical retrospect allows us to conclude that the emergence, formation and development of engineering activities is a consequence of the historical development of the needs of material production and is directly related to the formation of technical sciences.

The historical approach to the analysis of engineering activity makes it possible to substantiate the change in the relationship between the subject and the means of labor under various technological methods of production. Thus, in manufacturing production the subject becomes more and more dependent on technology and a process of gradual objectification of the subject is observed, although technical activity is built primarily on a subjective basis. In machine production, the subjective principle gives way to the objective principle, and engineering activity begins to be built on an objective basis. In the era automated production the connection between the subject and the means of labor becomes more and more free, and engineering activity is built on a free basis, where the leading principle is the orientation towards the subject of production.

According to the principle of social determinism, engineering activity is determined by a variety of socio-economic reasons: such as the method of production, the structure of society, the political and spiritual spheres of society, and specific historical conditions. Analysis of the latter makes it possible to understand that engineering activity has a clear social orientation, and an engineer always fulfills a certain need of society.

When analyzing the sources and driving forces of development, the contradictory nature of engineering activity is revealed. An engineer is always faced with the task of improving technology based on knowledge of the laws of nature and their transformation into technical principles. The essence of engineering thinking is the ability to find, analyze contradictions in the development of technology and optimally resolve them. The work substantiates the idea that an engineer in his activities concerns three groups of contradictions:

Contradictions arising within the technosphere;

Contradictions between objective (material) and subjective (personal) components of the system;

Contradictions arising between nature and society.

At the general sociological level, we distinguish a system of driving forces as a set of objective and subjective factors leading to the resolution of objective contradictions of reality. It is especially emphasized that the driving forces are of a dialectical nature.

The contradictory nature of engineering activity lies in the fact that the engineer’s knowledge is always aimed at transforming the natural into the artificial, which has no analogue in nature, but at the same time duplicating, in one way or another, its laws. The combination of natural and artificial orientations in engineering forces the engineer to rely on the laws of science and the laws of existing technology at the same time. In the course of historical development, evolutionary and revolutionary transformations are observed within engineering activity itself. The inconsistency of the latter lies in the fact that the original solution that appears at the beginning of solving the problem can and should be repeatedly improved in the future.

And answering the question in this section, already having knowledge of the material presented, we can draw a conclusion.

Philosophy in engineering is present at the “junction” of the inconsistency of the natural and technical components of progress, and the engineer, as an instrument for introducing innovation and modernization into society, must strictly justify each of his actions, and soberly assess its further consequences, and at the same time, leave due " reserve" for future improvement of an action not yet taken.

Conclusion

What is an engineer? So, now we have come to a question that will finally help us draw up, based on all the material in the abstract, a number of philosophical aspects in engineering. But to summarize, we must answer the last question, namely, expand the answer to the question that directly concerns the engineer. As mentioned earlier, the “tool” of engineering activity.

As a rule, the engineer focuses on the basic principles of the solution technical problems. However, the world of technology (technosphere) is constantly improving and expanding. In this regard, many areas of technology appear in which this already known principle has not yet been used. In the era of specialization, the effect of two types of engineering activity (essentially closely related to creativity) is most clearly manifested: the invention of something fundamentally new and the improvement of what already exists. In the process of improvement, new ideas may be born, stimulating the process of invention.

In the activity of an engineer, a significant place is occupied by the resolution of the contradiction between technical needs and the possibilities of satisfying them at the existing level of technological development, as well as the contradiction between technique and technology. Since in some cases technology determines the design and construction of technology, in others technology is determined by functioning technology, and thirdly, there is a combination and joint action of technology and technology. The paper concludes that it is possible to understand the complex nature of the relationship between technology and technology only in the context of their connection with activity.

A new stage in understanding the world, through an engineer, should be a holistic general scientific picture of the world, which includes generalized ideas about nature (natural-scientific picture of the world), about society (social), about man (anthropological). In addition, special scientific pictures of the world are distinguished as ideas about the subjects of individual sciences. The scientific and engineering picture should be classified as a special scientific picture of the world as ideas about technology, technology and scientific technical knowledge.

The transition from classical science to non-classical philosophy stimulated the formation of a modern scientific and engineering picture of the world. As a rule, this transition is associated with competition between paradigms, as a consequence of the incomparability of the worldviews underlying them and the similarity of the cognitive tasks facing them. The most fruitful way to understand the evolution of the scientific and engineering picture of the world is to analyze the historical evolution of the relationship between science and technology. In this regard, it is noted that at the first stages we are talking mainly about the technical picture of the world, which was based on technical knowledge that is predominantly empirical in nature.

List of used literature

1. Chepelik V.V. Architects of the Middle Ages and the New Age (VI-XIX centuries). - Kyiv, 1990.

2. Nikolaev I.S. Architect's profession. - M., 1984.

3. www.ru.wikipedia.org.

4. www.kto-kem.ru/professiya/arhitektor/.

5. www.prof.biografguru.ru.

Posted on Allbest.ru